Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In eukaryotes, cyclin B-bound cyclin-dependent protein kinase 1 promotes mitotic entry but is held in check, in part, by Wee1 protein kinase. Timely mitotic entry in budding yeast requires inactivation of Swe1 (Wee1 ortholog). Perturbations of the septin collar at the bud neck lead to Swe1 stabilization, delaying the G(2)/M transition. Swe1 is recruited to the neck and hyperphosphorylated before ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Hsl1 kinase (Nim1 ortholog), a negative regulator of Wee1, is required for efficient Swe1 localization at the neck but seems not to phosphorylate Swe1. Here, we show that two other kinases targeted sequentially to the neck, Cla4/PAK and Cdc5/Polo, are responsible for stepwise phosphorylation and down-regulation of Swe1. This mechanism links assembly of a cellular structure to passage into mitosis.
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PMID:Coupling morphogenesis to mitotic entry. 1503 62

The septins are a family of GTPase enzymes required for cytokinesis and play a role in exocytosis. Among the ten vertebrate septins, Sept5 (CDCrel-1) and Sept3 (G-septin) are primarily concentrated in the brain, wherein Sept3 is a substrate for PKG-I (cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I) in nerve terminals. There are two motifs for potential PKG-I phosphorylation in Sept3, Thr-55 and Ser-91, but phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that the primary site is a serine. Derivatization of phosphoserine to S-propylcysteine followed by N-terminal sequence analysis revealed Ser-91 as a major phosphorylation site. Tandem MS revealed a single phosphorylation site at Ser-91. Substitution of Ser-91 with Ala in a synthetic peptide abolished phosphorylation. Mutation of Ser-91 to Ala in recombinant Sept3 also abolished PKG phosphorylation, confirming that Ser-91 is the major site in vitro. Antibodies raised against a peptide containing phospho-Ser-91 detected phospho-Sept3 only in the cytosol of nerve terminals, whereas Sept3 was located in a peripheral membrane extract. Therefore Sept3 is phosphorylated on Ser-91 in nerve terminals and its phosphorylation may contribute to the regulation of its subcellular localization in neurons.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of septin 3 on Ser-91 by cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I in nerve terminals. 1510 17

Septins constitute a family of conserved proteins that are required for cytokinesis in a wide range of organisms. Most cells express a set of septin proteins and these are found to assemble into hetero-oligomeric septin complexes that appear filamentous. However, the mechanisms controlling the function and polymerization of septins are not known. We therefore examined the possibility that septins could be post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. We present herein a combined theoretical and experimental approach for the analysis of Septin 2 (Sept2) monophosphorylation in vivo. We purified and characterized the human recombinant Sept2, a 45-kDa protein, expressed from Sf21 insect cells. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry on the full-length protein sequence of wild-type Sept2 revealed a unique phosphorylation site at residue Ser248 in vivo, which is consistent with one of the twelve phosphorylation sites in the protein sequence theoretically predicted by the Netphos program. Additional predictions with the motif scan programs Scansite and Prosite suggest that the phosphorylation of wild-type Sept2 might be a potential substrate for casein kinase 2. Site-directed mutagenesis of residue 248 from serine to alanine abrogated this phosphorylation. The location of phosphorylation in Sept2 differs from the sites predicted for cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) phosphorylation in Septin 3, raising the possibility that different septins may undergo distinct phosphorylation events that could control their functions in important cellular processes such as neurotransmission or cytokinesis.
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PMID:Septin 2 phosphorylation: theoretical and mass spectrometric evidence for the existence of a single phosphorylation site in vivo. 1515 Aug 37

Two relatives of the GIN4 protein kinase family, Cdr1p and Cdr2p, exist in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Although in Saccharomyces cerevisiae GIN4-related kinases influence septin ring organization and septin rings influence the localization and function of GIN4-related protein kinases, it is unknown whether this relationship is conserved in S. pombe. Here, we have probed the relationship between Cdr2p activity and septins and find that Cdr2p and septins are functionally independent. Cdr2p localizes in a cortical band overlying the nucleus during interphase, whose dimension is proportional to cell length, and to a medial ring structure in late mitosis. Both localizations are septin-independent and disrupted by treatment with filipin. Structure/function analysis indicates that the intracellular targeting domain of Cdr2p is largely contained within its non-catalytic C-terminus. Cdr2 protein kinase activity, while unimportant for its localization, is critical for its cell cycle function. Our data indicate that Cdr2p functions at two positions within the cell at discrete cell cycle stages to influence the timing of mitotic entry and cytokinesis, respectively.
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PMID:The GIN4 family kinase, Cdr2p, acts independently of septins in fission yeast. 1545 77

The septins are GTPase enzymes with multiple roles in cytokinesis, cell polarity or exocytosis. The proteins from the mammalian septin genes are called Sept1-10. Most are expressed in multiple tissues, but the mRNA for Sept5 (CDCrel-1) and Sept3 (G-septin) appear to be primarily expressed in brain. Sept3 is phosphorylated by cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) and the cGMP/PKG pathway is involved in presynaptic plasticity. Therefore to determine whether Sept3 specifically associates with neurones and nerve terminals we investigated its distribution in rat brain and neuronal cultures. Sept3 protein was detected only in brain by immunoblot, but not in 12 other tissues examined. Levels were high in all adult brain regions, and reduced in those enriched in white matter. Expression was developmentally regulated, being absent in the early embryo, low in late embryonic rat brain and increasing after birth. Like dynamin I, Sept3 was specifically enriched in synaptosomes compared with whole brain, and was only found in a peripheral membrane extract and not in the soluble or membrane extracts. Sept3 was particularly abundant in mossy fibre nerve terminals in the hippocampus. In primary cultured hippocampal neurones Sept3 immunoreactivity was punctate in neurites and predominantly localized to presynaptic terminals, strongly colocalizing with synaptophysin and dynamin I. The specific nerve terminal localization was confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy. Together this shows that Sept3 is a neurone-specific protein highly enriched in nerve terminals which supports a secretory role in synaptic vesicle recycling.
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PMID:Septin 3 (G-septin) is a developmentally regulated phosphoprotein enriched in presynaptic nerve terminals. 1548 89

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, septins form a scaffold in the shape of a ring at the future budding site that rearranges into a collar at the mother-bud neck. Many proteins bind asymmetrically to the septin collar. We found that the protein Bni4-CFP was located on the exterior of the septin ring before budding and on the mother side of the collar after budding, whereas the protein kinase Kcc4-YFP was located on the interior of the septin ring before budding and moved into the bud during the formation of the septin collar. Unbudded cells treated with the actin inhibitor latrunculin-A assembled cortical caps of septins on which Bni4-CFP and Kcc4-YFP colocalized. Bni4-CFP and Kcc4-YFP also colocalized on cortical caps of septins found in strains deleted for the genes encoding the GTPase activating proteins of Cdc42 (RGA1, RGA2, and BEM3). However, Bni4-CFP and Kcc4-YFP were still partially separated in mutants (gin4, elm1, cla4, and cdc3-1) in which septin morphology was severely disrupted in other ways. These observations provide clues to the mechanisms for the asymmetric localization of septin-associated proteins.
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PMID:Role of the septin ring in the asymmetric localization of proteins at the mother-bud neck in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1590 37

The mammalian signalling pathway involving class I PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), PTEN (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatase) and PKB (protein kinase B)/c-Akt has roles in multiple processes, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. To facilitate novel approaches for genetic, molecular and pharmacological analyses of these proteins, we have reconstituted this signalling pathway by heterologous expression in the unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). High-level expression of the p110 catalytic subunit of mammalian PI3K dramatically inhibits yeast cell growth. This effect depends on PI3K kinase activity and is reversed partially by a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and reversed fully by co-expression of catalytically active PTEN (but not its purported yeast orthologue, Tep1). Growth arrest by PI3K correlates with loss of PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) and its conversion into PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate). PIP2 depletion causes severe rearrangements of actin and septin architecture, defects in secretion and endocytosis, and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, Slt2. In yeast producing PIP3, PKB/c-Akt localizes to the plasma membrane and its phosphorylation is enhanced. Phospho-specific antibodies show that both active and kinase-dead PKB/c-Akt are phosphorylated at Thr308 and Ser473. Thr308 phosphorylation, but not Ser473 phosphorylation, requires the yeast orthologues of mammalian PDK1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1): Pkh1 and Pkh2. Elimination of yeast Tor1 and Tor2 function, or of the related kinases (Tel1, Mec1 and Tra1), did not block Ser473 phosphorylation, implicating another kinase(s). Reconstruction of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway in yeast permits incisive study of these enzymes and analysis of their functional interactions in a simplified context, establishes a new tool to screen for novel agonists and antagonists and provides a method to deplete PIP2 uniquely in the yeast cell.
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PMID:Reconstitution of the mammalian PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway in yeast. 1591 52

During maize infection, the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis undergoes a dimorphic transition from budding, yeast-like cells to a filamentous dikaryon that proliferates in the host. This transition is regulated by mating and environmental signals. Septation is likely to be important in the growth of the infectious dikaryon because of the need to maintain specific cellular compartments during dikaryotic growth. Recently, we found that the transcript level for a septin gene was influenced by the conserved cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A signaling pathway that participates in regulating dimorphism in U. maydis. In this study, we describe the detailed analysis of the function of this septin gene, designated sep3, in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of U. maydis. We show that sep3 is required for normal cellular morphology and the division of budding haploid cells. The gene is also required for lipid-induced filamentous growth in culture but not during the formation of mating filaments on agar medium or in planta. Strains with a deletion in sep3 have a reduction in symptom development in maize, with filamentous cells in planta displaying morphological defects. In addition, sep3 influences the differentiation of hyphae into teliospores and the germination of these teliospores to produce the meiotic haploid progeny that complete the disease life cycle. Finally, the deletion of sep3 was found to influence the multiple budding phenotype of a mutant with a defect in the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. This result is consistent with a link between sep3 and the control of morphogenesis by cAMP signaling. Overall, this study highlights the importance of regulating septation and changes in morphology during phytopathogenesis.
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PMID:An Ustilago maydis septin is required for filamentous growth in culture and for full symptom development on maize. 1633 22

Septins are a family of conserved proteins that are essential for cytokinesis in a wide range of organisms including fungi, Drosophila and mammals. In budding yeast, where they were first discovered, they are thought to form a filamentous ring at the bridge between the mother and bud cells. What regulates the assembly and function of septins, however, has remained obscure. All septins share a highly conserved domain related to those found in small GTPases, and septins have been shown to bind and hydrolyze GTP, although the properties of this domain and the relationship between polymerization and GTP binding/hydrolysis is unclear. Here we show that human septin 2 is phosphorylated in vivo at Ser218 by casein kinase II. In addition, we show that recombinant septin 2 binds guanine nucleotides with a Kd of 0.28 microm for GTPgammaS and 1.75 microm for GDP. It has a slow exchange rate of 7 x 10(-5) s(-1) for GTPgammaS and 5 x 10(-4) s(-1) for GDP, and an apparent kcat value of 2.7 x 10(-4) s(-1), similar to those of the Ras superfamily of GTPases. Interestingly, the nucleotide binding affinity appears to be altered by phosphorylation at Ser218. Finally, we show that a single septin protein can form homotypic filaments in vitro, whether bound to GDP or GTP.
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PMID:GTP binding and hydrolysis kinetics of human septin 2. 1685 12

The morphogenesis checkpoint provides a link between bud formation and mitosis in yeast. In this pathway, insults affecting the actin or septin cytoskeleton trigger a cell cycle arrest, mediated by the Wee1 homolog Swe1p, which catalyzes the inhibitory phosphorylation of the mitosis-promoting cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) on a conserved tyrosine residue. Analyses of Swe1p phosphorylation have mapped 61 sites targeted by CDKs and Polo-related kinases, which control both Swe1p activity and Swe1p degradation. Although the sites themselves are not evolutionarily conserved, the control of Swe1p degradation exhibits many conserved features, and is linked to DNA-responsive checkpoints in vertebrate cells. At the 'sensing' end of the checkpoint, recent work has begun to shed light on how septins are organized and how they impact Swe1p regulators. However, the means by which Swe1p responds to actin perturbations once a bud has formed remains controversial.
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PMID:Eavesdropping on the cytoskeleton: progress and controversy in the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint. 1705 34


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