Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review examines the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. After summarizing the ion channels regulated by CFTR, the review focuses on the functions of CFTR that do not relate directly to a disease mechanism based on a channelopathy. The key concept is that newly synthesized CFTR has to enter lipid vesicles which bud from the endoplasmic reticulum. This is abnormally low in DeltaF508 CFTR. Normal wild type vesicular CFTR enters a recycling pool of lipid vesicles which transiently dock with the apical membrane only for CFTR to be retrieved shortly after into a sub-apical recycling compartment. This retrieval is abnormally fast in DeltaF508 CFTR. The review discusses the relationship between this process and the difficult topic of fat metabolism and then explores the possible links between abnormal fatty acid turnover and inflammatory cascades that are abnormal in cystic fibrosis. Finally the review concentrates on the emerging functions of a protein kinase (AMP-activated kinase) which is bound near the C terminus of the CFTR protein whose functions could intergrate some of the abnormalities in lipid metabolism that result from mislocalization of CFTR in clinical disease.
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PMID:CFTR: more than just a chloride channel. 1557 86

We previously reported the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent activation of the 5'-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and hypoxia-reoxygenation in cultured endothelial cells. Here we show the molecular mechanism of activation of this pathway. Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to ONOO- significantly increased the phosphorylation of both Thr172 of AMPK and Ser1179 of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, a known downstream enzyme of AMPK. In addition, activation of AMPK by ONOO- was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) (Thr410/403) and translocation of cytosolic PKCzeta into the membrane. Further, inhibition of PKCzeta abrogated ONOO- -induced AMPK-Thr172 phosphorylation as that of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. Furthermore, overexpression of a constitutively active PKCzeta mutant enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPK-Thr172, suggesting that PKCzeta is upstream of AMPK activation. In contrast, ONOO- activated PKCzeta in LKB1-deficient HeLa-S3 but affected neither AMPK-Thr172 nor AMPK activity. These data suggest that LKB1 is required for PKCzeta-enhanced AMPK activation. In vitro, recombinant PKCzeta phosphorylated LKB1 at Ser428, resulting in phosphorylation of AMPK at Thr172. Further, direct mutation of Ser428 of LKB1 into alanine, like the kinase-inactive LKB1 mutant, abolished ONOO- -induced AMPK activation. In several cell types originating from human, rat, and mouse, inhibition of PKCzeta significantly attenuated the phosphorylation of both LKB1-Ser428 and AMPK-Thr172 that were enhanced by ONOO-. Taken together, we conclude that PKCzeta can regulate AMPK activity by increasing the Ser428 phosphorylation of LKB1, resulting in association of LKB1 with AMPK and consequent AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation by LKB1.
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PMID:Activation of protein kinase C zeta by peroxynitrite regulates LKB1-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase in cultured endothelial cells. 1640 20

To investigate the in vivo effects of resistance exercise on translational control in human skeletal muscle, we determined the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), p70/p85-S6 protein kinase (S6K1), and ribosomal S6 protein (S6). Furthermore, we investigated whether changes in the phosphorylation of S6K1 are muscle fiber type specific. Eight male subjects performed a single high-intensity resistance exercise session. Muscle biopsies were collected before and immediately after exercise and after 30 and 120 min of postexercise recovery. The phosphorylation statuses of AMPK, 4E-BP1, S6K1, and S6 were determined by Western blotting with phospho-specific and pan antibodies. To determine fiber type-specific changes in the phosphorylation status of S6K1, immunofluorescence microscopy was applied. AMPK phosphorylation was increased approximately threefold immediately after resistance exercise, whereas 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was reduced to 27 +/- 6% of preexercise values. Phosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr421/Ser424 was increased 2- to 2.5-fold during recovery but did not induce a significant change in S6 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of S6K1 was more pronounced in the type II vs. type I muscle fibers. Before exercise, phosphorylated S6K1 was predominantly located in the nuclei. After 2 h of postexercise recovery, phospho-S6K1 was primarily located in the cytosol of type II muscle fibers. We conclude that resistance exercise effectively increases the phosphorylation of S6K1 on Thr421/Ser424, which is not associated with a substantial increase in S6 phosphorylation in a fasted state.
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PMID:Increase in S6K1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise occurs mainly in type II muscle fibers. 1643 52

We recently found that the metabolic sensor AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibits the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) through decreased plasma membrane ENaC expression, an effect requiring the presence of a binding motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the beta-ENaC subunit for the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. To further examine the role of Nedd4-2 in the regulation of ENaC by AMPK, we studied the effects of AMPK activation on ENaC currents in Xenopus oocytes co-expressing ENaC and wild-type (WT) or mutant forms of Nedd4-2. ENaC inhibition by AMPK was preserved in oocytes expressing WT Nedd4-2 but blocked in oocytes expressing either a dominant-negative (DN) or constitutively active (CA) Nedd4-2 mutant, suggesting that AMPK-dependent modulation of Nedd4-2 function is involved. Similar experiments utilizing WT or mutant forms of the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK1), modulators of protein kinase A (PKA), or extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) did not affect ENaC inhibition by AMPK, suggesting that these pathways known to modulate the Nedd4-2-ENaC interaction are not responsible. AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 expressed in HEK-293 cells occurred both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential mechanism for modulation of Nedd4-2 and thus cellular ENaC activity. Moreover, cellular AMPK activation significantly enhanced the interaction of the beta-ENaC subunit with Nedd4-2, as measured by co-immunoprecipitation assays in HEK-293 cells. In summary, these results suggest a novel mechanism for ENaC regulation in which AMPK promotes ENaC-Nedd4-2 interaction, thereby inhibiting ENaC by increasing Nedd4-2-dependent ENaC retrieval from the plasma membrane. AMPK-dependent ENaC inhibition may limit cellular Na+ loading under conditions of metabolic stress when AMPK becomes activated.
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PMID:AMP-activated kinase inhibits the epithelial Na+ channel through functional regulation of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. 1684 84

During the last decade evidence has accumulated that modulation of mRNA stability plays a central role in cellular homeostasis, including cell differentiation, proliferation and adaptation to external stimuli. The functional relevance of posttranscriptional gene regulation is highlighted by many pathologies, wherein occurrence tightly correlates with a dysregulation in mRNA stability, including chronic inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Most commonly, the cis-regulatory elements of mRNA decay are represented by the adenylate- and uridylate (AU)-rich elements (ARE) which are specifically bound by trans-acting RNA binding proteins, which finally determine whether mRNA decay is delayed or facilitated. Regulation of mRNA decay by RNA stabilizing and RNA destabilizing factors is furthermore controlled by different intrinsic and environmental stimuli. The modulation of mRNA binding proteins, therefore, illuminates a promising approach for the pharmacotherapy of those key pathologies mentioned above and characterized by a posttranscriptional dysregulation. Most promisingly, intracellular trafficking of many of the mRNA stability regulating factors is, in turn, regulated by some major signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and the protein kinase (PK) C (PKC) family. In this review, we present timely examples of genes regulated by mRNA stability with a special focus on signaling pathways involved in the ARE-dependent mRNA decay. A better understanding of these processes may form the basis for the development of novel therapeutics to treat major human diseases.
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PMID:Modulation of mRNA stability as a novel therapeutic approach. 1732 Sep 67

Metformin is one of the most commonly used first line drugs for type II diabetes. Metformin lowers serum glucose levels by activating 5'-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), which maintains energy homeostasis by directly sensing the AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK plays a central role in food intake and energy metabolism through its activities in central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Since food intake and energy metabolism is synchronized to the light-dark (LD) cycle of the environment, we investigated the possibility that AMPK may affect circadian rhythm. We discovered that the circadian period of Rat-1 fibroblasts treated with metformin was shortened by 1 h. One of the regulators of the period length is casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon), which by phosphorylating and inducing the degradation of the circadian clock component, mPer2, shortens the period length. AMPK phosphorylates Ser-389 of CKIepsilon, resulting in increased CKIepsilon activity and degradation of mPer2. In peripheral tissues, injection of metformin leads to mPer2 degradation and a phase advance in the circadian expression pattern of clock genes in wild-type mice but not in AMPK alpha2 knock-out mice. We conclude that metformin and AMPK have a previously unrecognized role in regulating the circadian rhythm.
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PMID:Activation of 5'-AMP-activated kinase with diabetes drug metformin induces casein kinase Iepsilon (CKIepsilon)-dependent degradation of clock protein mPer2. 1752 64

Excessive supply of fatty acids to the liver might be a contributing factor to hepatic insulin resistance associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate direct effects of palmitate on insulin signaling in hepatocytes. The ability of metformin to reverse changes induced by palmitate was also studied. Rat hepatocytes in primary culture exhibited a rightward shift of the insulin dose-response curve for PKB phosphorylation during culture with palmitate. The insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of GSK-3beta, a metabolic substrate of PKB, was diminished in palmitate hepatocytes. By contrast, the mTOR protein kinase was overstimulated in cells incubated with palmitate. Hepatocytes cultured with palmitate displayed hyperphosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser residues 632/635, known to be phosphorylated by mTOR. Metformin treatment of the hepatocytes resulted in activation of the AMP-activated kinase, attenuation of the mTOR/S6K1 pathway, reduction of IRS-1 phosphorylation, and a leftward shift in the insulin dose-response curve for PKB activation. These data suggest a link between an oversupply of fatty acid to hepatocytes, a disproportionate stimulation of mTOR/S6K1, and resistance to insulin.
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PMID:Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and insulin resistance induced by palmitate in hepatocytes. 1769 34

This review focuses on a newly discovered interaction between protein kinases involved in cellular energetics, a process that may be disturbed in cystic fibrosis for unknown reasons. I propose a new model where kinase-mediated cellular transmission of energy provides mechanistic insight to a latent role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). I suggest that CFTR acts as a multi-kinase recruiter to the apical epithelial membrane. My group finds that, in the cytosol, two protein kinases involved in cell energy homeostasis, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), bind one another. Preliminary data suggest that both can also bind CFTR (function unclear). The disrupted role of this CFTR-kinase complex as 'membrane transmitter to the cell' is proposed as an alternative paradigm to the conventional ion transport mediated and CFTR/chloride-centric view of cystic fibrosis pathogenesis. Chloride remains important, but instead, chloride-induced control of the phosphohistidine content of one kinase component (NDPK, via a multi-kinase complex that also includes a third kinase, CK2; formerly casein kinase 2). I suggest that this complex provides the necessary near-equilibrium conditions needed for efficient transmission of phosphate energy to proteins controlling cellular energetics. Crucially, a new role for CFTR as a kinase controller is proposed with ionic concentration acting as a signal. The model posits a regulatory control relay for energy sensing involving a cascade of protein kinases bound to CFTR.
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PMID:The cystic fibrosis transmembrane recruiter the alter ego of CFTR as a multi-kinase anchor. 1780 62

Hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl-5) plays an important role in long chain monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Elovl-5 activity is regulated during development, by diet, hormones, and drugs, and in chronic disease. This report examines the impact of elevated Elovl-5 activity on hepatic function. Adenovirus-mediated induction of Elovl5 activity in livers of C57BL/6 mice increased hepatic and plasma levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) while suppressing hepatic arachidonic acid (20:4,n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3) content. The fasting-refeeding response of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-regulated genes was attenuated in mice with elevated Elovl5 activity. In contrast, the fasting-refeeding response of hepatic sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1)-regulated and carbohydrate-regulatory element binding protein/Max-like factor X-regulated genes, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (Gsk)-3beta phosphorylation, and the accumulation of hepatic glycogen content and nuclear SREBP-1 were not impaired by elevated Elovl5 activity. Hepatic triglyceride content and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase alpha and Jun kinase 1/2 were reduced by elevated Elovl5 activity. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was suppressed, while hepatic glycogen content and phosphorylated Gsk-3beta were significantly increased, in livers of fasted mice with increased Elovl5 activity. As such, hepatic Elovl5 activity may affect hepatic glucose production during fasting. In summary, Elovl5-induced changes in hepatic fatty acid content affect multiple pathways regulating hepatic lipid and carbohydrate composition.
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PMID:Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 activity affects multiple pathways controlling hepatic lipid and carbohydrate composition. 1837 7

Thyroid hormone regulates food intake. We previously reported that rats with triiodothyronine (T3)-induced thyrotoxicosis display hyperphagia associated with suppressed circulating leptin levels, increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA and decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated when cellular energy is depleted. We hypothesized that T3 causes an increase in hypothalamic AMPK activity, which in turn contributes to the development of T3-induced hyperphagia. Rats that were given s.c. injections of T3 (4.5 nmol/kg) had increased food intake 2 h later without alterations in NPY and POMC mRNA levels, but with increased hypothalamic phosphorylated AMPK (169%) and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (194%). To determine the more chronic effects of T3, rats were given 6 daily s.c. injection of T3 or the vehicle. Food intake was significantly increased. Multiple T3 injections increased hypothalamic phosphorylated AMPK (278%) and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (335%) compared to the controls. Intracerebroventricular administration of compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, blocked the food intake induced by a single or multiple injections of T3. Taken together, these results suggest that enhanced hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation contributes to T3-induced hyperphagia. Hypothalamic AMPK plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight.
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PMID:Triiodothyronine (T3) stimulates food intake via enhanced hypothalamic AMP-activated kinase activity. 1870 95


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