Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
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Enzyme
Compound
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Target Concepts:
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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (
protein kinase
)
81,284
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MK1) from
Capsicum
annuum was previously cloned and characterized. MK1 is highly conserved in plants and its amino acid sequence is 92% identical to wound-inducible
protein kinase
(WIPK) from tobacco. In C. annuum, MK1 is transcriptionally activated by wounding. In the present work, the MK1 gene was introduced into the rice genome by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Seven independent transgenic rice plants were isolated and characterized. All seven lines had a single-copy insertion of the MK1 transgene. MK1 mRNA and protein were detected in the transgenic rice, but not in wild type rice. In unwounded transgenic rice plants, the level of jasmonic acid was 3-fold higher than in the wild type, whereas in wounded leaves the level of jasmonic acid was the same in transgenic and wild type plants. Expression of the wound-inducible pathogenesis-related gene PR1a was also higher in transgenic than in wild type plants. Either overexpression of PR1a or increased PR1b and PR10 expression in transgenic rice plants may confer increased resistance to rice blast.
...
PMID:Pathogen resistance of transgenic rice plants expressing mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, MK1, from Capsicum annuum. 1505 32
The isolated full-length
Capsicum
annuum calcium-dependent
protein kinase
3 (CaCDPK3) cDNA clone was selected from the chili pepper expressed sequence tag database (http://www.pdrc.re.kr/ks200201/pepper.html). Phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence of CaCDPK3 cDNA revealed significant sequence similarity to the winter squash (Cucurbita maxima) CmCPK2 gene (81% identity). Genomic gel blot analysis disclosed that CaCDPK3 belongs to a multigene family in the pepper genome. CaCDPK3 expression was root tissue-specific, as shown by Northern blot data. The gene was rapidly induced in response to various osmotic stress factors and exogenous abscisic acid application in pepper leaves. Moreover, CaCDPK3 RNA expression was induced by an incompatible pathogen and by plant defense-related chemicals such as ethephon, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The biochemical properties of CaCDPK3 were investigated using a CaCDPK3 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. The recombinant proteins retained calcium-binding ability, and displayed autophosphorylation activity in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner. Further transient-expression studies showed that CaCDPK3 fused with soluble modified green fluorescent protein (smGFP) localized to the cytosol in chili pepper protoplasts. We propose that CaCDPK3 is implicated in biotic and abiotic stresses in pepper plants.
...
PMID:Molecular and biochemical characterization of the Capsicum annuum calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (CaCDPK3) gene induced by abiotic and biotic stresses. 1544 60
Capsaicin, a natural product of the
Capsicum
species of red peppers, is known to induce apoptosis and suppress growth. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) is a cytokine associated with pro-apoptotic and antitumorigenic property in colorectal and lung cancer. Our data demonstrate that capsaicin leads to induction of apoptosis and up-regulates NAG-1 gene expression at the transcriptional level. Overexpression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) caused a significant increase of basal and capsaicin-induced NAG-1 promoter activity. We subsequently identified C/EBPbeta binding sites in the NAG-1 promoter responsible for capsaicin-induced NAG-1 transactivation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed binding of C/EBPbeta to the NAG-1 promoter. Capsaicin treatment resulted in an increase of phosphorylated serine/threonine residues on C/EBPbeta, and the immunoprecipitation study showed that capsaicin enhanced binding of C/EBPbeta with
glycogen synthase kinase
3beta (GSK3beta) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). The phosphorylation and interaction of C/EBPbeta with GSK3beta and ATF3 are decreased by the inhibition of the GSK3beta and Protein Kinase C pathways. Knockdown of C/EBPbeta, GSK3beta or ATF3 ameliorates NAG-1 expression induced by capsaicin treatment. These data indicate that C/EBPbeta phosphorylation through GSK3beta may mediate capsaicin-induced expression of NAG-1 and apoptosis through cooperation with ATF3 in human colorectal cancer cells.
...
PMID:NSAID-activated gene-1 as a molecular target for capsaicin-induced apoptosis through a novel molecular mechanism involving GSK3beta, C/EBPbeta and ATF3. 2011 Feb 83
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert both positive and negative effects on plant growth and development and therefore receive a great deal of attention in current research. A hot pepper,
Capsicum
annuum receptor-like kinase 1 (CaRLK1) was ectopically expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. This ectopic expression of CaRLK1 enhanced cell division and proliferation in both heterologous systems. Apparently, CaRLK1 is involved in controlling the cell cycle, possibly by inducing expressions of cyclin B1, cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent
protein kinase
3, condensin complex subunit 2 and anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 genes. CaRLK1 overexpression also increased transcript accumulation of NADPH oxidase genes, generation of O
2
-
and catalase (CAT) activity/protein levels. In parallel, it decreased cellular H
2
O
2
levels and cell size. Treatment with Tiron or diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) both decreased the cell division rate and O
2
-
concentrations, but increased cellular H
2
O
2
levels. Tobacco BY-2 cells overexpressing CaRLK1 were more sensitive to amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a CAT inhibitor, than control cells, suggesting that the increased H
2
O
2
levels may not function as a signal for cell division and proliferation. Overexpression of CaRLK1 stimulated progression of the cell cycle from G
0
/G
1
phase into the S phase. It is concluded that the CaRLK1 protein plays a pivotal role in controlling the level of O
2
-
as signaling molecule which promotes cell division, concomitant with a reduction in H
2
O
2
by the induction of CAT activity/protein.
...
PMID:Superoxide serves as a putative signal molecule for plant cell division: overexpression of CaRLK1 promotes the plant cell cycle via accumulation of O
2
-
and decrease in H
2
O
2
. 2752 70
Pepper (
Capsicum
annuum
) is an economically important vegetable and heat stress can severely impair pepper growth, development, and productivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying pepper thermotolerance are therefore important to understand but remain elusive. In the present study, we characterized the function of
CaHSL1
, encoding a HAESA-LIKE (HSL) receptor-like
protein kinase
(RLK), during the response of pepper to high temperature and high humidity (HTHH). CaHSL1 exhibits the typical structural features of an arginine-aspartate RLK. Transient overexpression of CaHSL1 in the mesophyll cells of
Nicotiana benthamiana
showed that CaHSL1 localizes throughout the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
CaHSL1
was significantly upregulated by HTHH or the exogenous application of abscisic acid but not by
R. solanacearum
inoculation. However,
CaHSL1
was downregulated by exogenously applied salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, or ethephon. Silencing of
CaHSL1
by virus-induced gene silencing significantly was reduced tolerance to HTHH and downregulated transcript levels of an associated gene
CaHSP24
. In contrast, transient overexpression of
CaHSL1
enhanced the transcript abundance of
CaHSP24
and increased tolerance to HTHH, as manifested by enhanced optimal/maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the dark (Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the light. In addition, CaWRKY40 targeted the promoter of
CaHSL1
and induced transcription during HTHH but not in response to
R. solanacearum
. All of these results suggest that
CaHSL1
is directly modulated at the transcriptional level by CaWRKY40 and functions as a positive regulator in the response of pepper to HTHH.
...
PMID:
CaHSL1
Acts as a Positive Regulator of Pepper Thermotolerance Under High Humidity and Is Transcriptionally Modulated by CaWRKY40. 3058 49
