Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Addition of triiodothyronine (T3) to chick-embryo hepatocytes in culture causes increased accumulations of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and their mRNAs. H-8 and other protein kinase inhibitors inhibited the T3-induced accumulations of these lipogenic enzymes and their mRNAs but had no effect on the activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, enzymes not induced by T3 in chick-embryo hepatocytes. H-8 also had no effect on the activities of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in hepatocytes not treated with T3. Synthesis of soluble protein, levels of mRNAs for beta-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and induction of metallothionein mRNA by Zn2+ were unaffected by H-8 at concentrations that inhibited the T3-induced accumulation of lipogenic enzymes and their mRNAs. H-8 inhibited T3-induced transcription of the genes for both malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase but had little effect on transcription of the beta-actin or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes or on total RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. H-8 also had no effect on binding of T3 to its nuclear receptor. In isolated nuclei, H-8 inhibited phosphorylation of total protein by 15-20%. Phosphorylation of only one major protein was consistently and substantially inhibited, indicating that the effect of H-8 was selective. These results suggest that on-going protein phosphorylation is required specifically for stimulation of transcription of the lipogenic genes by T3.
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PMID:Triiodothyronine-induced accumulations of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, and their mRNAs are blocked by protein kinase inhibitors. Transcription is the affected step. 168 Jan 29

Preservation of the shape and the integrity of multicellular eukaryotes needs rigorous cell proliferation monitoring. During the prereplicative G1 phase, a finely adjusted and specific control supervises the proliferant/non proliferant states of the cells. Some molecular mechanisms of growth regulation have been identified in recent years. Changes in normal cell attachment on extracellular matrix and intercellular chemical signalling (secretion of informative molecules) activate intracellular signals for division. The transduction mechanisms of the extracellular signalling to the nucleus have been partially elucidated for steroid hormones and growth factors. Molecular biology research and proto-oncogene discoveries have led to considerable progress in understanding the role of these normal genes in the control of cellular proliferation. The initiation of the response to extracellular factors requires: i), direct transducers (specific binding of the steroid hormone on its cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor and high affinity binding of this activated complex to specific DNA sequences); and ii) indirect transducers (binding of growth factors on extracellular domains of specific receptor proteins which convert this extracellular event into several intracellular signals, secondary messengers, protein kinases and specific nuclear regulatory factors). Whatever the transduction system, nuclear events control transcription of growth regulatory genes. The series of enzymatic reactions set in motion by indirect transduction systems require strict regulation systems, the diversity and the complexity of which has been perceived in studies on jun and fos gene families. Each proliferation step is governed by growth stimulators and growth inhibitors, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells resulting from alterations of these regulatory process. Independent of extracellular stimuli and of their transfer to the nucleus, intracellular controls coordinate cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2 and M) to produce daughter cells identical to the original cell. Two control points are particularly critical: one in G1 (the "start" point) and the other in G2 just before mitosis. Although intermediate steps between extracellular and intracellular controls are still unknown, yeast gene analyses have allowed determination of molecular regulatory mechanisms implicated in the passage of these critical points. A considerable advance was made by the discovery that some of the involved components presented strong sequence and function homologies in organisms from yeast to man, suggesting a phyllogenetically conserved mechanism. It seems likely that the phosphorylation state of protein p34, its association with a G1-phase specific cyclin or a M-phase specific cyclin, and its protein kinase activity regulate the proliferation state of higher eukaryotic cells. In spite of significant advances, much research is still necessary to elucidate all the mechanisms involved in cell cycle control.
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PMID:[Different regulation systems of cell cycle events (dysregulation of these events in the tumoral cell)]. 202 83

The c-erbA alpha progenitor of the v-erbA oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) encodes a nuclear receptor for the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) which acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. As previously reported (Goldberg et al., EMBO J., 7, 2425-2433), the 46 kd chicken c-erbA alpha-encoded T3 receptor (ck-ErbA alpha) is phosphorylated at two major sites. Only one of these sites (Ser28/Ser29) is retained in the v-erbA-encoded P75gag-v-erbA protein. We report here the identification of the second phosphorylation site of ck-ErbA alpha as a single serine residue localized at position 12. We propose that casein kinase II, a protein kinase distributed in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments of a number of different tissues, is responsible for serine 12 phosphorylation on the following grounds. First, serine 12 is part of a sequence containing multiple acidic amino-acids, a feature common to all sites phosphorylated by casein kinase II in physiological substrates. Second, ck-ErbA alpha was found to be phosphorylated by purified casein kinase II in vitro at the same site, as defined by two-dimensional mapping experiments, as that observed in vivo. Third, conversion of serine 12 into an unphosphorylatable alanine residue by site directed mutagenesis abolishes the phosphorylation of ck-ErbA alpha by casein kinase II in vitro. Phosphorylation of serine 12 is likely to play a role in the modulation of ErbA alpha function since both serine 12 and the casein kinase II phosphorylation sequence motif are phylogenetically conserved in all known members of the c-erbA alpha gene family encoding T3 binding proteins. The codon specifying serine 12 in ck-ErbA alpha being precisely the point where recombination between gag and ck-c-erbA alpha occurred to generate v-erbA, our results furthermore suggest that deletion of serine 12 could contribute to the oncogenic activation of v-erbA.
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PMID:The c-erbA alpha-encoded thyroid hormone receptor is phosphorylated in its amino terminal domain by casein kinase II. 255 74

The c-erbA proto-oncogene encodes a nuclear receptor for thyroid hormone (T3), which is believed to stimulate transcription from specific target promoters upon binding to cis-acting DNA sequence elements. The v-erbA oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) encodes a ligand-independent version of this nuclear receptor. The v-erbA product inhibits terminal differentiation of avian erythroblasts, presumably by affecting the transcription of specific genes. We show here that the c-erbA-encoded nuclear receptor (p46c-erbA) is phosphorylated on serine residues on two distinct sites. One of these sites, defined by the limit tryptic phosphopeptide 28SSQCLVK, is retained on the v-erbA-encoded P75gag-v-erbA protein. This site is located in the amino-terminal domain of these molecules, 21 amino acids upstream of the DNA-binding region. Phosphorylation of this site in both p46c-erbA and P75gag-v-erbA is enhanced 10-fold following treatment of cells with activators of either protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Since cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates both p46c-erbA and P75gag-v-erbA in vitro at the same site as that observed in vivo, at least part of the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of erbA molecules in cells could result from direct phosphorylation by this enzyme. The possible role phosphorylation may play in the function of the erbA-encoded transcriptional factors is discussed.
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PMID:Activation of protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent protein kinase increases phosphorylation of the c-erbA-encoded thyroid hormone receptor and of the v-erbA-encoded protein. 290 25

A protein kinase activity was copurified with the chick oviduct progesterone receptor. The enzyme is magnesium dependent and can use the B subunit of progesterone receptor or histones as substrates. The physiochemical parameters of the kinase were determined [pI approximately 5.3; Stokes radius approximately 7.2 nm; sedimentation coefficient (S 20,w) approximately 5.6] and compared to those of the purified B subunit. The results were consistent with the presence of an unique enzyme distinct from the receptor itself. The physiological significance of receptor phosphorylation was investigated in oviduct cells grown in primary culture. Cells were labeled with [32P]orthophosphate in presence or absence of progesterone and the receptor components were immunoprecipitated with a specific polyclonal antibody. Although progesterone treatment lead to the attachment of most of the receptor (approximately 80%) to nuclear structures, the 32P-labeled B subunit was only recovered in the cytosol fraction. Different procedures to extract the nuclear receptor did not allow detection of any 32P-labeled form in the nuclear-soluble fractions, suggesting that the B subunit was not further phosphorylated upon the exposure of cells to progesterone.
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PMID:Chick oviduct progesterone receptor phosphorylation: characterization of a copurified kinase and phosphorylation in primary cultures. 369 82

We have characterized three cis-acting elements of the human CYP11A1 gene. A proximal cAMP-responsive sequence (P-CRS) functioned in both adrenal Y1 and placental JEG-3 cells. An upstream cAMP-responsive sequence (U-CRS) and an enhancer, localized by transfections of deleted gene segments linked to a reporter gene to bases -1621 to -1503 and -1931 to -1822, respectively, functioned in Y1 but not JEG-3 cells. Both regions bind proteins only from Y1 cells as identified by footprinting analysis. U-CRS contains the TCAAGGTCA sequence that binds the nuclear receptor family of proteins. The cAMP-dependent transcription mediated by U-CRS, but not by P-CRS, was abolished in a cell line deficient in cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Therefore, P-CRS and U-CRS use different effectors to mediate cAMP response. Gel mobility shift, competition, and antibody supershift experiments showed that nucleotides -117 to -94, which contributed to P-CRS activity in transfection experiments, bound weakly to Sp1-like proteins. This feature is shared by many proximal regulatory elements of steroidogenic genes. Therefore, steroidogenic genes could be coordinately regulated through common regulatory elements such as P-CRS, U-CRS, and cell type-selective enhancers.
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PMID:Actions of two different cAMP-responsive sequences and an enhancer of the human CYP11A1 (P450scc) gene in adrenal Y1 and placental JEG-3 cells. 811 86

Retinoic acid (RA) treatment of F9 murine teratocarcinoma (TC) cells reduces the expression of the protein kinase A (PKA)-associated G protein, G alpha i2. The present study reveals interactions between the RA and PKA pathways during differentiation of the multipotent human TC cell line NTERA-2 clone D1 (abbreviated NT2/D1) which differ from prior reports in F9 TC cells. Compared to untreated NT2/D1 cells, differentiated NT2/D1 cells expressed increased levels of G alpha s and G alpha i1,2 proteins as shown by both immunoblot analysis and cholera toxin- and pertussis toxin-induced ADP ribosylation. To further explore cooperation between these pathways during human TC differentiation, we examined the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on RA-responsive genes and of RA treatment on the transcriptional activation of a cAMP response element (CRE). Compared to RA alone, combined treatment with RA and cAMP augmented the expression of the RA nuclear receptor-beta (RAR-beta). Also, transient transfection assays revealed that cAMP and RA cooperated to enhance CRE transcriptional activation. The cAMP-induced enhancement of RA actions in NT2/D1 cells extended to immunophenotypic changes typical of the neuronal differentiation program induced by RA. In contrast to these findings in NT2/D1 cells, prior work in F9 TC cells showed that cAMP inhibits the RA-mediated augmentation of RAR-beta expression and switches the differentiation program from visceral to parietal endoderm. Thus, unlike murine TC cells, in human NT2/D1 cells RA stimulates PKA-associated G proteins and PKA pathway activation enhances RA-mediated TC differentiation.
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PMID:Retinoic acid stimulates protein kinase A-associated G proteins during human teratocarcinoma differentiation. 818 70

NGFI-B is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily encoded by an immediate-early gene. It is rapidly synthesized and phosphorylated in PC12 cells in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) and other agents and is differentially phosphorylated dependent upon the inducing stimulus. The DNA-binding domain (DBD) of NGFI-B has been expressed in bacteria and purified. The purified protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase A or by extracts from NGF-treated PC12 cells. The phosphorylated residues within the DBD have been identified as Ser-340 and Ser-350. The use of mutants in which either or both of these residues were replaced with alanines revealed that phosphorylation of Ser-350, located within the "A box," a motif necessary for DNA binding by NGFI-B, resulted in a decrease in binding to the NGFI-B response element, while phosphorylation of Ser-340 had little or no effect. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation of a nuclear receptor DBD results in a change in DNA binding and provides another potential mechanism for regulating NGFI-B activity.
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PMID:The phosphorylation and DNA binding of the DNA-binding domain of the orphan nuclear receptor NGFI-B. 822 42

AP-1 is a transcriptional activator composed of homo- and heterodimers of Jun and Fos proteins. It is involved in activation of genes, such as collagenase, stromelysin, IL-2 and TGF beta 1, by tumour promoters, growth factors and cytokines. AP-1 activity is also elevated in response to transforming oncogenes and is required for cell proliferation. AP-1 activity is subject to complex regulation both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Transcriptional control of jun and fos gene expression determines the amount and composition of the AP-1 complex. The jun and fos genes are regulated both positively and negatively and are highly inducible in response to extracellular stimuli. Post translational control is also important. Both cJun and cFos are subject to regulated phosphorylation. In the case of cJun, phosphorylation of sites near the DNA-binding domain inhibits DNA-binding, while dephosphorylation reverses this inhibition. Phosphorylation of cJun on sites within the N-terminal activation domain increases its ability to activate transcription. The protein kinase phosphorylating these sites is stimulated by cytokines and growth factors. Another mechanism modulating AP-1 activity is transcriptional interference by members of the nuclear receptor family and is relevant for the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, chronic inflammation leads to increased AP-1 activity in T cells,macrophages and synoviocytes as a response to secretion of cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF alpha. While the IL-2 gene plays a major role in T cell activation, another AP-1 target gene encodes an enzyme, collagenase, responsible for destruction of bone and tendon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Various modes of gene regulation by nuclear receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones. 831 34

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) secreted from human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, is indistinguishable from HGF in human plasma and its release is significantly stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a differentiation-inducer of HL-60 cells into monocytes/macrophages (Nishino T et al: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181:323, 1991). TPA stimulated HGF release from the cells through an activation of C-kinase, but not through a formation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP), an activator of A-kinase and granulocyte-inducer, also stimulated HGF release. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, another monocyte/macrophage-inducer, abated either TPA- or dbcAMP-stimulated synthesis and release of HGF in a dose-dependent manner probably via its nuclear receptor as reflected by vitamin D analog study. The effects of these three reagents on the steady-state levels of HGF mRNA of 6.0 kb corresponded with their effects on its protein levels. Furthermore, a close correlation between intracellular and extracellular HGF levels strongly suggested that these reagents affected HGF release mainly on its synthesis step. Recombinant human HGF significantly stimulated the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. In summary, HL-60 cells secrete HGF, whose synthesis is specifically regulated by various reagents independent of their differentiation-inducing effects. Because HGF shows a direct effect on osteoblast-like cells, it might be involved in the interaction of bone marrow cells with bone cells.
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PMID:Regulation of release of hepatocyte growth factor from human promyelocytic leukemia cells, HL-60, by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. 839 78


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