Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.11.1 (protein kinase)
81,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous studies, cystic fibrosis (CF) fibroblasts were demonstrated to be resistant to the cytotoxic effects of ouabain, dexamethasone, and the sex hormones, dihydrotestosterone, 17beta-estradiol, and progesterone. We now show that CF fibroblasts also exhibit greatly increased resistance to the cytotoxic effects of exogenous dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP), as well as to isoproterenol and theophylline, drugs which are known to increase endogenous levels of cAMP. CF cells were also shown to have normal amounts of (3H)cAMP binding to protein kinase as well as normal amounts of cAMP-stimulated protein kinase activity. Phosphodiesterase in CF cells was also found to be stimulated by cAMP to the same degree as in normal cells. These findings suggest that there is no detectable protein kinase deficiency in CF cells. cf cells thus appear to be unlike some cAMP-resistant mutants described by others which are defective in protein kinase activity and cAMP regulation of phosphodiesterase levels. The cross-resistance of CF fibroblasts to ouabain, steroid hormones, and cAMP may provide a unique opportunity to study the biochemical events involved in the metabolism of these drugs as well as the basic biochemical defect in a common human genetic disease.
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PMID:Pleiotropic drug resistance in cystic fibrosis fibroblasts: increased resistance to cyclic AMP. 21 May 26

Stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors in cardiac ventricular myocytes activates a strong chloride ion conductance as a result of phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). This Cl- conductance, which is time- and voltage-independent, counters the tendency of the simultaneously enhanced Ca2+ channel current to prolong the ventricular action potential. Using inside-out giant patches excised from guinea-pig myocytes, we show here that phosphorylation by the PKA catalytic subunit plus Mg-ATP elicits discrete Cl- channel currents. In almost symmetrical Cl- solutions (approximately 150 mM), unitary current amplitude scales with membrane potential, and reverses sign near 0 mV, to yield a single channel conductance of approximately 12 pS. Opening of the phosphorylated channels requires hydrolysable nucleoside triphosphate, indicating that phosphorylation by PKA is necessary, but not sufficient, for channel activation. The properties of these PKA-regulated cardiac Cl- channels are very similar, if not identical, to those of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the epithelial cell Cl- channel whose regulation is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis. The full cardiological impact of these Cl- channels and of their possible malfunction in patients with cystic fibrosis remains to be determined.
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PMID:The protein kinase A-regulated cardiac Cl- channel resembles the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. 127 37

The cystic fibrosis (CF) gene codes for CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR), a small-conductance linear Cl- channel, but numerous studies have identified a larger conductance, rectifying Cl- channel as the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated channel that is defective in airway cells. We examined Cl- conductance in a bronchial epithelial cell line that expresses CFTR, 16HBE14o-, (CFTR+) and in an airway cell line that does not, 9HTEo-/S, (CFTR-). Ionomycin or hypotonic Ringer increased iodide efflux from both cell lines; however, forskolin increased iodide efflux or whole cell Cl- currents only in CFTR+ cells. Forskolin-stimulated whole cell currents were linear, voltage independent, and blocked by iodide. Cell-attached and outside-out patches from confluent CFTR+ but not CFTR- cells revealed 6-pS channels having linear current-voltage relations, permselectivity Cl > I (partial block by external iodide), and little or no inhibition by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate. The number of active channels per patch increased from 0.6 to 3.0 after forskolin. Channels closed after excision with tau = 4 s, but activity could be prolonged with ATP or protein kinase A plus ATP. Channels were modeled with one open and four closed states and show apparent cooperativity in gating. Rectifying Cl- channels previously implicated in CF were not seen in cell-attached recordings from either cell line but were abundant in excised patches from both cell lines. Thus CFTR channels are the pathway for cAMP-mediated Cl- conductance in these human airway cells, Ca2+ and swelling-induced channels do not require CFTR, and CFTR-cells display a CF phenotype.
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PMID:CFTR channels in immortalized human airway cells. 128 4

Using whole cell patch-clamp and perforated patch recording techniques on human cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF airway epithelial cells, we sought to determine whether a single Cl- conductance (GCl) could be modulated via different regulatory pathways or whether multiple conductances could be identified. Cl- current in both CF and non-CF cells was activated by cellular swelling as well as by an elevation in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). While the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-activated GCl was absent in CF cells, its activation in non-CF cells was only observed in the perforated patch configuration at lower temperatures (24 degrees C) or infrequently in the whole cell configuration at elevated temperatures (33 degrees C). Currents activated by all three regulatory pathways were sensitive to the Cl- channel blocker 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). Further increases in current activation could be produced by cellular swelling after maximal Ca2+ or cAMP-induced current activation. Intracellular application of a peptide inhibitor of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase selectively blocked the Ca(2+)-dependent current activation while leaving the swelling-induced current increase intact. These results are consistent with the presence of multiple anion conductances in both CF and non-CF airway cells. The heterogeneity of the responses to the three regulatory stimuli, however, prevented the correlation of a specific anion conductance with a separate modulatory pathway based on characteristic voltage-dependent kinetics and conductance.
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PMID:Alternate pathways for chloride conductance activation in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. 131 4

Chloride channels at the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells are involved in the excessive fluid secretion in diarrhea and diminished secretion in cystic fibrosis (CF). Diarrhea induced by heat-stable toxin from Escherichia coli is associated with elevated guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in intestinal epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether chloride secretion is regulated by cGMP directly or via cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Single-channel recordings (inside-out excised patches) from the apical membrane of T84 cells reveal a 10-pS chloride channel with a linear current-voltage relationship, which is opened when an endogenous membrane-bound PKG is activated with ATP (1 mM) and cGMP (100 microM). Soluble PKG (200 nM) isolated from bovine lung, added to the intracellular face of patches, also opens this channel. No activation occurs with Ringer solution alone or only ATP or cGMP. Addition of nonhydrolyzable forms of ATP (AMP-PNP, 1 mM) or a combination of ATP, cGMP, plus H-8 (5 microM), an inhibitor of PKG, also does not stimulate the channel. The catalytic subunit of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic mono-phosphate-dependent protein kinase (PKA, 200 nM, with 1 mM ATP) activates a channel with similar characteristics. The 10 pS channel has a PNa/PCl ratio of 0.06, an anion selectivity of Br- (1.2) greater than Cl- (1.0) greater than I- (0.8) greater than F- (0.4), and a low affinity for the chloride channel blockers, 4,4-dinitrostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:cGMP-dependent protein kinase regulation of a chloride channel in T84 cells. 131 6

Rabbit polyclonal antibodies have been raised against high-performance liquid chromatography purified synthetic peptides corresponding to two discrete regions of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein: the R-domain (residues 785-796) and the extreme COOH-terminus (residues 1467-1480). Antibodies (Ab) to each of these peptides were affinity purified either by passage over a peptide-derivatized agarose matrix (Ab 785) to produce monospecific polyclonal antibodies or by protein A affinity chromatography to purify the immunoglobulin G1 fraction free of other serum proteins (Ab 1467). These antibodies recognize a candidate CFTR protein in the colonic cell line T84, as determined by Western blot analysis and by immunoprecipitation and labeling of the precipitate with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of protein kinase A. Both antibodies precipitated CFTR-related polypeptides from four mammalian cell types (HeLa, Bsc-40, HEp-2, and Chinese hamster ovary cells) transfected with the full-length CFTR cDNA clone using a vaccinia T7 protein expression system. Similar results were observed using a yeast CFTR expression system. In each case the Mr values of the bands observed were consistent with that expected for the CFTR protein. These antibodies should be useful probes for the immunocytochemical localization, immunoaffinity purification, and ultimately the functional characterization of the CFTR protein.
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PMID:Antibodies against the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. 137 41

Cystic fibrosis is the most common potentially lethal autosomal recessive disease of Caucasians, affecting 1 in 2500 newborns. Since the recent identification of the gene that is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis, a wealth of information about gene structure, the mutational basis of disease, and the function of the protein product has been derived. The product of the gene is a chloride channel that is regulated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation and that requires binding of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for channel opening. Several new approaches to drug therapy for cystic fibrosis are now emerging, and the possibility of successful gene therapy by transfer of the normal gene to airway epithelial cells is being vigorously pursued.
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PMID:Cystic fibrosis: molecular biology and therapeutic implications. 137 92

Retrovirus-mediated transfection of cDNA for the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene into the CF pancreatic cell line, CFPAC-1, confers adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent regulation of Cl conductance. We used patch-clamp techniques to identify the single-channel basis of this conductance pathway and to study its properties. Forskolin or cAMP activated Cl channels with a conductance of 9 +/- 1 pS in 26 of 62 cell-attached patches of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-transfected CFPAC-1 cells. The current-voltage (I-V) relation showed slight outward rectification (chord conductance of 10 +/- 2 pS at +80 mV vs. 7 +/- 1 pS at -80mV) with high Cl concentrations (170 mM) in the pipette solution. Channel kinetics were voltage sensitive, with longer openings at positive clamp voltages. Channel properties were unaffected by the substitution of N-methyl-D-glucamine for pipette Na or by the addition of disulfonic stilbenes (100 microM DNDS or DIDS) to the pipette. The channels usually inactivated within seconds of patch excision, but in three of nine patches, activity could be maintained by addition of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A and ATP. With equal Cl concentrations on both membrane surfaces, the single-channel I-V relation was linear, suggesting that the outward rectification of the cell-attached channel is due to a pipette-to-cell Cl gradient. Anion substitution on the extracellular side of the membrane indicates a halide permselectivity of Br approximately Cl greater than I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:cAMP-activated Cl channels in CFTR-transfected cystic fibrosis pancreatic epithelial cells. 137 32

Cultured normal (N) cystic fibrosis (CF) keratinocytes were evaluated for their Cl(-)-transport properties by patch-clamp-, Ussing chamber- and isotopic efflux-measurements. Special attention was paid to a 32 pS outwardly rectifying Cl- channel which has been reported to be activated upon activation of cAMP-dependent pathways in N, but not in CF cells. This depolarization-induced Cl- channel was found with a similar incidence in N and CF apical keratinocyte membranes. However, activation of this channel in excised patches by protein kinase (PK)-A or PK-C was not successful in either N or CF keratinocytes. Forskolin was not able to activate Cl- channels in N and CF cell-attached patches. The Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187 activated in cell-attached patches a linear 17 pS Cl- channel in both N and CF cells. This channel inactivated upon excision. No relationship between the cell-attached 17 pS and the excised 32 pS channel could be demonstrated. Returning to the measurement of Cl- transport at the macroscopic level, we found that a drastic rise in intracellular cAMP induced by forskolin did in N as well as CF cells not result in a change in the short-circuit current (Isc) or the fractional efflux rates of 36Cl- and 125I-. In contrast, addition of A23187 resulted in an increase of the Isc and in the isotopic anion efflux rates in N and CF cells. We conclude that Cl(-)-transport in cultured human keratinocytes can be activated by Ca2+, but not by cAMP-dependent pathways.
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PMID:Regulation of chloride transport in cultured normal and cystic fibrosis keratinocytes. 137 32

Regulation of epithelial chloride flux, which is defective in patients with cystic fibrosis, may be mediated by phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC). Part of the R-domain of CFTR (termed CF-2) was expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. CF-2 was phosphorylated on seryl residues by PKA, PKC, cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaM kinase I). Direct amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping of CF-2 revealed that serines 660, 700, 737, and 813 as well as serine 768, serine 795, or both were phosphorylated by PKA and PKG, and serines 686 and 790 were phosphorylated by PKC. CFTR was phosphorylated in vitro by PKA, PKC, or PKG on the same sites that were phosphorylated in CF-2. Kinetic analysis of phosphorylation of CF-2 and of synthetic peptides confirmed that these sites were excellent substrates for PKA, PKC, or PKG. CFTR was immunoprecipitated from T84 cells labeled with 32Pi. Its phosphorylation was stimulated in response to agents that activated either PKA or PKC. Peptide mapping confirmed that CFTR was phosphorylated at several sites identified in vitro. Thus, regulation of CFTR is likely to occur through direct phosphorylation of the R-domain by protein kinases stimulated by different second messenger pathways.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. 137 74


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