Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The development of double-minute chromosomes (DMs) and subsequent gene amplification are important genomic alterations resulting in increased oncogene expression in a variety of tumors. The molecular mechanisms mediating the development of these acentric extrachromosomal elements have not been completely defined. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in DM formation, we have developed strategies to map amplified circular DM DNA. In this study, we present a long-range restriction map of a 980-kb DM. A cell line cloned from mouse EMT-6 cells was developed by stepwise selection for resistance to methotrexate. This cloned cell line contains multiple copies of the 980-kb DM carrying the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. A long-range restriction map was developed in which a hypomethylated CpG-rich region near the DHFR gene served as a landmark. This strategy was combined with plasmid-like analysis of ethidium bromide-stained pulsed-field gels and indicated that a single copy of the DHFR gene was located near a hypomethylated region containing SsII and NotI sites. At least 490 kb of this DM appears to be composed of unrearranged chromosomal DNA.
Mol Cell Biol 1993 Aug
PMID:CpG island mapping of a mouse double-minute chromosome. 833 94

The c-ABL proto-oncogene is a predominantly nuclear localized tyrosine kinase. A random mutagenesis scheme was used to isolate c-ABL mutants whose expression produced a transformed phenotype in rodent fibroblast cells. An in-frame deletion within the central region of the last exon was identified in one ABL mutant. The mechanism of c-ABL oncogenic activation by mutation within the last exon differs both functionally and structurally from those of v-ABL and BCR/ABL. This class of ABL mutants shows increased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins in vivo but low levels of autophosphorylation. Last-exon ABL mutants are distinguished from v-ABL or BCR/ABL by their inability to transform primary bone marrow cells or support the growth of transformed pre-B cells. These findings define a new mechanism of oncogenic activation for the ABL kinase through mutations in the last exon which do not require amino-terminal deletions or mutations within the src homology regions.
Mol Cell Biol 1993 Aug
PMID:Oncogenic activation of c-ABL by mutation within its last exon. 833 29

We investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the glucose carrier (Glut 1) regulation in FRTL-5 cells and two derived transformed clones (SRC and Ki-Mol cells). When compared to the wild-type strain, SRC and Ki-Mol cells showed an increase in both glucose consumption and uptake (about 60 fold), associated with 6-8 fold higher Glut 1 mRNA levels. Transcriptional studies revealed a 2- to 3 fold increased activation of the gene in the transformed cells, suggesting that transcription alone cannot fully account for the higher Glut 1 gene expression. Western blot studies showed an increase of the Glut 1 protein in SRC and Ki-Mol cells, associated with a different gel migration pattern and a disparate distribution rate between the plasma membrane and the microsomal fraction. These data indicate that the higher rate of glucose uptake observed in SRC and Ki-Mol cells is associated to an increase in Glut 1 gene expression, and that also changes in the subcellular distribution and probably in the structure of Glut 1 protein are present.
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PMID:Molecular mechanisms of the increased glucose transport in transformed FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. 844 32

Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV), a retrovirus that expresses the v-abl oncogene, characteristically induces pre-B-cell lymphomas following in vivo infection of BALB/c mice or in vitro infection of suspensions of fetal liver or bone marrow cells. ABL-MYC, a retrovirus that expresses both v-abl and c-myc, induces solely plasmacytomas in BALB/c mice. To investigate how the addition of overexpression of c-myc to that of v-abl accomplishes this dramatic change in the phenotype of the cells transformed by these closely related retroviruses, we utilized helper-free A-MuLV (psi 2) and ABL-MYC (psi 2) in vitro to infect suspensions of cells from different lymphoid tissues and purified immature and purified mature B cells. As expected, A-MuLV(psi 2) induced only pre-B-cell lymphomas in vivo and in vitro when immature B cells were present. ABL-MYC(psi 2), on the other hand, produced only plasmacytomas, even when purified immature B lymphocytes were infected in vitro. Although the A-MuLV(psi 2)-induced pre-B-cell lymphomas express easily detectable levels of c-myc mRNA, maturation into more-mature forms of B lymphocytes is blocked. The constitutively overexpressed c-myc in the ABL-MYC retrovirus abrogates this block, permits maturation of infected immature B cells, and yields transformed plasma cells.
Mol Cell Biol 1993 Apr
PMID:Addition of constitutive c-myc expression to Abelson murine leukemia virus changes the phenotype of the cells transformed by the virus from pre-B-cell lymphomas to plasmacytomas. 845 30

The tyrosine kinase JAK1 and the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3 are phosphorylated in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other growth factors. We have used EGF receptor-transfected cell lines defective in individual JAKs to assess the roles of these kinases in STAT activation and signal transduction in response to EGF. Although JAK1 is phosphorylated in response to EGF, it is not required for STAT activation or for induction of the c-fos gene. STAT activation in JAK2- and TYK2-defective cells is also normal, and the tyrosine phosphorylation of these two kinases does not increase upon EGF stimulation in wild-type or JAK1-negative cells. In cells transfected with a kinase-negative mutant EGF receptor, there is no STAT activation in response to EGF and c-fos is not induced, showing that the kinase activity of the receptor is required, directly or indirectly, for these two responses. The data do not support a role for any of the three JAK family members tested in STAT activation and are consistent with a JAK-independent pathway in which the intrinsic kinase domain of the EGF receptor is crucial. Furthermore, data from transient transfection experiments in HeLa cells, using c-fos promoters lacking the STAT regulatory element c-sis-inducible element, indicate that this element may play only a minor role in the induction of c-fos by EGF in these cells.
Mol Cell Biol 1996 Jan
PMID:Roles of JAKs in activation of STATs and stimulation of c-fos gene expression by epidermal growth factor. 852 16

In the mouse testis, spontaneous death of spermatogonia has a large impact on the output of differentiating spermatids. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-kit is expressed in type A, intermediate, and B spermatogonia, and kit-ligand (KL) is expressed in Sertoli cells. Previous work indicated a depletion of type A spermatogonia after in vivo exposure to an antibody that blocks c-kit function. The present work was undertaken to determine whether blocking c-kit function results in apoptosis of spermatogonia or in an inability of spermatogonia to proliferate. Testes sections were stained by a method that detects apoptotic cells in situ. In testes of 8-day postnatal (P8) males, type A spermatogonia are the predominant germ cell type present. Stained sections from P8 males injected with the c-kit antagonistic antibody ACK2 showed a fivefold higher rate of cell death than uninjected controls. At least a twofold increase was observed in P12 and P30 injected males and in P30 SId/+ males as compared to uninjected controls. Determination of the stage of germ cell development that was affected in P30 males indicated that the frequency of gonial cell death was increased fourfold, but the frequency of death in spermatocytes around the time of the meiotic division was increased 15-fold. It is concluded that KL acts to prevent apoptosis in the testis in vivo, that the membrane bound form of KL may be more effective, and that survival of late meiotic and dividing spermatocytes is regulated by KL through an indirect mechanism probably mediated by Sertoli cells. Thus, KL is an important regulator of spermatid output.
Mol Reprod Dev 1995 Nov
PMID:Kit ligand mediates survival of type A spermatogonia and dividing spermatocytes in postnatal mouse testes. 857 44

The BCR gene is implicated in the development of Ph-positive leukemia through its fusion with the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase gene ABL. The normal 160 kDa Bcr protein has several functional domains, and recently one specific role for Bcr was established in the regulation of respiratory burst activity in white blood cells. Bcr expression levels are relatively constant throughout mouse development until adulthood in brain and in hematopoietic tissues, a pattern that is distinctly different from that of the functionally related n-chimerin gene. In the present study, RNA in situ hybridization was used to explore the normal cellular function of Bcr in rodent brain and hematopoietic organs. The data pinpoint the high bcr expression in the brain to the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer and the dentate gyrus, and to the piriform cortex and the olfactory nuclei, reflecting a potentially interesting function for Bcr in these highly specialized brain regions.
Cell Mol Biol Res 1995
PMID:Regional localization and developmental expression of the BCR gene in rodent brain. 858 Oct 68

Mutational analysis of the proximal transmembrane region of the cytoplasmic domain of the GH receptor (GHR) allowed us to characterize box 1, a proline-rich sequence of eight amino acids, which has been shown to be critical for signal transduction of many cytokine receptors. Mutants of the box 1 region of the rat GHR were studied for their ability to initiate the phosphorylation of JAK2 and the proliferation of stably transfected BAF B03 cells and also the activation of Spi 2.1 gene transcription in transiently transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Convergence of effects of the box 1 mutants on JAK 2 phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and gene transcription was found. Our results suggest that no single amino acid in the box 1 sequence is essential for signaling and that the last two prolines (PXP motif) and the hydrophobic residues are necessary for integrity of box 1. Box 1 represents a structural determinant, potentially able to provide an interaction between JAK2 and the receptor; this interaction could be direct or indirect via an adaptor protein.
Mol Endocrinol 1995 Dec
PMID:The proline-rich region of the GH receptor is essential for JAK2 phosphorylation, activation of cell proliferation, and gene transcription. 861 6

The first exon of the BCR gene encodes a new serine/threonine protein kinase. Abnormal fusion of the BCR and ABL genes, resulting from the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), is the hallmark of Ph-positive leukemia. We have previously demonstrated that the Bcr protein is tyrosine phosphorylated within first-exon sequences by the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Here we report that in addition to tyrose 177 (Y-177), Y-360 and Y283 are phosphorylated in Bcr-Abl proteins in vitro. Moreover, Bcr tyrosine 360 is phosphorylated in vivo within both Bcr-Abl and Bcr. Bcr mutant Y177F had a greatly reduced ability to transphosphorylate casein and histone H1, whereas Bcr mutants Y177F and Y283F had wild-type activities. In contrast, the Y360F mutation had little effect on Bcr's autophosphorylation activity. Tyrosine-phosphorylated Bcr, phosphorylated in vitro by Bcr-Abl, was greatly inhibited in its serine/threonine kinase activity, impairing both auto- and transkinase activities of Bcr. Similarly, the isolation of Bcr from cells expressing Bcr-Abl under conditions that preserve phosphotyrosine residues also reduced Bcr's kinase activity. These results indicate that tyrosine 360 of Bcr is critical for the transphosphorylation activity of Bcr and that in Ph-positive leukemia, Bcr serine/threonine kinase activity is seriously impaired.
Mol Cell Biol 1996 Mar
PMID:Inhibition of Bcr serine kinase by tyrosine phosphorylation. 862 3

Binding of alpha interferon (IFNalpha) to its receptors induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor subunits IFNaR1 and IFNaR2, the TYK2 and JAK1 tyrosine kinases, and the Stat1 and Stat2 transcription factors. Previous studies have demonstrated that TYK2 directly and specifically binds to and tyrosine phosphorylates IFNaR1 in vitro. We now report a detailed analysis of the TYK2 binding domain on the IFNaR1 subunit. First, we used an in vitro binding assay to identify the TYK2 binding motif in IFNaR1 as well as the critical residues within this region. The most striking feature is the importance of a number of hydrophobic and acidic residues. A minor role is also ascribed to a region resembling the proline-rich "box 1" sequence. In addition, mutations which disrupt in vitro binding also disrupt the coimmunoprecipitation of the receptor and TYK2. We also provide direct evidence that the binding region is both necessary and sufficient to activate TYK2 in vivo. Specifically, mutations in the binding domain act in a dominant-negative fashion to inhibit the IFNalpha-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of TYK2 and Stat2. Further, introduction of dimerized glutathione S-transferase-IFNaR1 fusion proteins into permeabilized cells is sufficient to induce phosphorylation of TYK2 and the receptor, confirming the role of the binding domain in IFNalpha signal transduction. These studies provide clues to the sequences determining the specificity of the association between JAK family tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors as well as the functional role of these kinases in cytokine signal transduction.
Mol Cell Biol 1996 May
PMID:Molecular characterization of an alpha interferon receptor 1 subunit (IFNaR1) domain required for TYK2 binding and signal transduction. 862 73


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