Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

NIST standard reference material SRM 2783 was employed to validate a high temperature, high pressure, two-stage microwave assisted acid digestion procedure using HNO3, HF and H3BO3 developed for the analysis of trace elements (including rare earths) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This method quantitatively solubilized Na, Mg, Al, K, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sb, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb, Th, U and several rare earth elements (REEs) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Er, Sm and Eu) from SRM 1648 and SRM 2783. A small amount of HF in the first stage was required to dissolve silicates necessitating the corresponding addition of H3BO3 in second stage to dissolve fluoride precipitates of Mg, La, Ce and Th. The optimized microwave dissolution-ICP-MS method detected Na, Mg, Al, K, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Pb, Th and U at trace to ultra-trace levels in ambient airborne fine particles from three sites in North Carolina. La to light lanthanide signature ratios suggested that soil and motor vehicles are the dominant REE sources in SRM 2783 and PM2.5 samples collected during this study.
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PMID:Microwave digestion-ICP-MS for elemental analysis in ambient airborne fine particulate matter: rare earth elements and validation using a filter borne fine particle certified reference material. 1787 Feb 79

A species-specific isotope dilution technique for accurate determination of sulfur species in low- and high-boiling petroleum products was developed by coupling capillary gas chromatography with quadrupole ICP-MS (GC-ICP-IDMS). For the isotope dilution step 34S-labeled thiophene, dibenzothiophene, and mixed dibenzothiophene/4-methyldibenzothiophene spike compounds were synthesized on the milligram scale from elemental 34S-enriched sulfur. Thiophene was determined in gasoline, 'sulfur-free' gasoline, and naphtha. By analyzing reference material NIST SRM 2296, the accuracy of species-specific GC-ICP-IDMS was demonstrated by an excellent agreement with the certified value. The detection limit is always limited by the background noise of the isotope chromatograms and was determined for thiophene to be 7 pg absolute, which corresponds to 7 ng sulfur/g sample under the experimental conditions used. Dibenzothiophene and 4-methyldibenzothiophene were determined in different high-boiling petroleum products like gas oil, diesel fuel, and heating oil. In this case a large concentration range from about < 0.04 to more than 2,000 microg g(-1) was covered for both sulfur species. By parallel GC-ICP-MS and GC-EI-MS experiments (EI-MS electron impact ionization mass spectrometry) the substantial influence of co-eluting hydrocarbons on the ICP-MS sulfur signal was demonstrated, which can significantly affect results obtained by external calibration but not those by the isotope dilution technique.
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PMID:Development of a species-specific isotope dilution GC-ICP-MS method for the determination of thiophene derivates in petroleum products. 1787 80

Continuous flow (CF) chemical hydride generation (CHG) and electrochemical hydride generation (ECHG) directly coupled to a novel 40W, atmospheric pressure, 2.45GHz microwave microstrip Ar plasma exiting a microstrip wafer has been developed for the emission spectrometric determination of As and Sb using a miniaturized optical fiber spectrometer and a CCD-array detector. The experimental conditions for both procedures were optimized with respect to the relative net intensities of the As I 228.8 nm and Sb I 252.8 nm lines and their signal-to-background intensity ratios. Additionally, the susceptibility to interferences from Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn and other hydride-forming elements in the determination of As and Sb using the CHG and ECHG techniques was investigated in detail. Under the optimized conditions, it was found that ECHG is more prone to interferences compared to CHG. The detection limits (3sigma) of As (6 ngmL(-1)) and Sb (7 ngmL(-1)) obtained for the ECHG-MSP-OES method are about three times lower than in the case of the CHG-MSP-OES method due to a two-fold lower amount of H2 introduced into the MSP in case of the ECHG, resulting in a better plasma stability and reduced background level. The linearity ranges for both calibration curves to a concentration of up to 5 microgmL(-1) and a precision between 2% and 7% (2 microgmL(-1) and 0.050 microgmL(-1) of As and Sb, respectively) were found for both methods. The developed ECHG-MSP-OES method was validated for As through the analysis of a certified coal fly ash standard reference material (NIST SRM 1633a) after sample dissolution. The derived concentration (140+/-8 microgg(-1)) was found to agree well with the certified data (145+/-15 microgg(-1)). The method was also successfully applied to the analysis of both a galvanic bath sample, which contained Sb and was spiked with As, and a tap water sample spiked with both analytes. Recovery rates of 99-101% and a Sb concentration of 6.6 microgmL(-1) in the galvanic bath sample were revealed. The latter value showed a good agreement with the data obtained from ICP-OES analysis, which was also used for validation purpose.
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PMID:Optimization and comparison of chemical and electrochemical hydride generation for optical emission spectrometric determination of arsenic and antimony using a novel miniaturized microwave induced argon plasma exiting the microstrip wafer. 1806 65

An ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (IC-ICP-MS) method for the speciation of selenium and tellurium compounds namely selenite [Se(IV)], selenate [Se(VI)], Se-methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys), selenomethione (SeMet), tellurite [Te(IV)] and tellurate [Te(VI)] is described. Chromatographic separation is performed in gradient elution mode using 0.5 mmol L(-1) ammonium citrate in 2% methanol (pH 3.7) and 20 mmol L(-1) ammonium citrate in 2% methanol (pH 8.0). The analyses are carried out using dynamic reaction cell (DRC) ICP-MS. The DRC conditions have also been optimized to obtain interference free measurements of (78)Se(+) and (80)Se(+) which are otherwise interfered by (38)Ar(40)Ar(+) and (40)Ar(40)Ar(+), respectively. The detection limits of the procedure are in the range 0.01-0.03 ng Se mL(-1) and 0.01-0.08 ng Te mL(-1), respectively. The accuracy of the method has been verified by comparing the sum of the concentrations of individual species obtained by the present procedure with the total concentration of the elements in two NIST SRMs Whole Milk Powder RM 8435 and Rice Flour SRM 1568a. The selenium and tellurium species are extracted from milk powder and rice flour samples by using Protease XIV at 70 degrees C on a water bath for 30 min.
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PMID:Determination of selenium and tellurium compounds in biological samples by ion chromatography dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. 1819 46

The transport phenomena of laser-produced aerosols prior to analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) were examined. Aerosol particles were visualized over the cross section of a transport tube attached to the outlet of a conventional ablation cell by light scattering using a pulsed laser source. Experiments were carried out under laminar or turbulent in-cell flow conditions applying throughputs of up to 2.0 L/min and reveal the nature of aerosol transportation to strongly depend on both flow rate and carrier gas chosen. For instance, laser ablation (LA) using laminar in-cell flow and helium as aerosol carrier resulted in stationary but inhomogeneous dispersion patterns. In addition, aerosols appear to be separated into two coexisting phases consisting of (i) dispersed particles that accumulate at the boundary layer of several vortex channel flows randomly arranged along the tube axis and (ii) larger fragments moving inside. The occurrence of these fragments was found to affect the accuracy of Si-, Zn-, and Cd-specific ICPMS analyses of aerosols released by LA of silicate glass (SRM NIST610). Accuracy drifts of more than 10% were observed for helium flow rates of >1 L/min, most probably, due to preferential evaporation and diffusion losses of volatile constituents inside the ICP. The utilization of turbulent in-cell flow made the vortex channels collapse and resulted in an almost complete aerosol homogenization. In contrast, LA using argon as aerosol carrier generally yielded a higher degree of dispersion, which was nearly independent of the flow conditions applied. To illustrate the differences among laminar and turbulent in-cell flow, furthermore, the velocity field inside the ablation cell was simulated by computational fluid dynamics.
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PMID:Analysis of laser-produced aerosols by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: transport phenomena and elemental fractionation. 1820 31

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) hyphenated with capillary gas chromatography was applied for sulfur multispecies determination in petroleum products by species-unspecific isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). To guarantee a stable and continuous addition of the spike into the GC-ICPMS system, a special dosing unit was designed and synthesis of a (34)S-labeled dimethyldisulfide spike from (34)S-enriched elemental sulfur in the milligram range was developed. The sample was mixed with an internal standard for spike mass flow calibration. From the mass flow chromatogram obtained by species-unspecific GC-ICP-IDMS, determination of all separated sulfur species and of the total sulfur content was possible without any matrix influence by coeluting hydrocarbons. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by determining reference material SRM-2296 certified for three sulfur species and by comparison of results obtained by species-specific GC-ICP-IDMS. The total sulfur concentration determined for all separated species agreed well with the sulfur content in the original samples which demonstrated that all sulfur species have been covered. Structural characterization of sulfur species was carried out by corresponding sulfur standards and by applying electron ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. The low detection limit of 9 ng sulfur per gram sample, independent of results on coeluting hydrocarbons, and the robust instrumental design of the continuous spike flow dosing unit qualifies this species-unspecific GC-ICP-IDMS method for accurate and sensitive sulfur multispecies determinations also on a routine basis.
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PMID:Development of a species-unspecific isotope dilution GC-ICPMS method for possible routine quantification of sulfur species in petroleum products. 1828 18

Rapid surface oxidation of a metal was carried out using a low voltage (9-18 V dc) power supply to examine the feasibility of low power electrocorrosion as an alternative to current metal sampling techniques such as acid digestion. Potential was applied between a metal alloy and a cellulose electrode that was made conductive using an aqueous solution (NH4NO3, KCl). Metal ions diffuse into the cellulose as rapid surface oxidation of the metal occurs. The metal ions can then be extracted and analyzed using atomic spectroscopy (e.g. GFAAS). Steel (316L, SRM 663), brass and aluminum alloys were electro-corroded using constant potential. At short intervals (< 2 min) the mass of corroded metal increased linearly with time. Corrosion rates for Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn ranged from 870 to 34 pg s(-1). The mass of metal corroded increased as applied potential/current increased and depends on the surface area of the cellulose-metal contact. Experiments showed that preferential metal corrosion does not occur in steel samples. SEM images show that there is a relatively large area ( approximately 1mm(2)) of homogenous corrosion and that the most damage occurs closest to the edge of filter paper/metal contact. Low power electrocorrosion was used to identify metals in a fork of unknown composition. Multiple techniques (GFAAS, FAAS and SN-ICP-MS) were used for analysis and it was found that Ag and Cu were the primary metals in the alloy, in a ratio of 3:1. Trace amounts of other metals (<1%) were found but not quantified.
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PMID:Low power electrocorrosion for sample preparation: identification of metals in alloys. 1837 6

Microwave digestion and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-SFMS) has been applied to the determination of Pb in rice flour. In order to achieve highly precise determination of low concentrations of Pb, the digestion blank for Pb was reduced to 0.21 ng g(-1) after optimization of the digestion conditions, in which 20 mL analysis solution was obtained after digestion of 0.5 g rice flour. The observed value of Pb in a non-fat milk powder certified reference material (CRM), NIST SRM 1549, was 16.8 +/- 0.8 ng g(-1) (mean +/- expanded uncertainty, k = 2; n = 5), which agreed with the certified value of 19 +/- 3 ng g(-1) and indicated the effectiveness of the method. Analytical results for Pb in three brown rice flour CRMs, NIST SRM 1568a, NIES CRM 10-a, and NIES CRM 10-b, were 7.32 +/- 0.24 ng g(-1) (n = 5), 1010 +/- 10 ng g(-1) (n = 5), and 1250 +/- 20 ng g(-1) (n = 5), respectively. The concentration of Pb in a candidate white rice flour reference material (RM) sample prepared by the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) was observed to be 4.36 +/- 0.28 ng g(-1) (n = 10 bottles).
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PMID:Development of a highly precise ID-ICP-SFMS method for analysis of low concentrations of lead in rice flour reference materials. 1850 30

Postalkoxysilylation with diethoxydimethylsilane has been carried out on the zeolitic lamellar precursors of various topologies such as MWW, FER, CDO and MCM-47 aiming to construct new crystalline structures with expanded pore apertures between the layers. The silylation process and the crystalline and pore structures of the resulting materials have been investigated with the techniques of XRD, IR, (13)C and (29)Si MAS NMR, ICP, SEM, HRTEM, elemental analyses, and N 2 adsorption. In contrast to forming known three-dimensional zeolite structures after direct calcination of the lamellar precursors, the silylation led to new crystalline structures with opener pores, as evidenced by the shift of layer-related diffractions to the lower-angle region in XRD patterns and the enlarged interlayer pores found by HRTEM images. After optimizing the treatment conditions, particularly the amount of silane agent, a maximum and homogeneous silylation was realized, which guaranteed the phase purity in interlayer expanded zeolites. The expanded structures were well preserved after calcination at 823 K or reflux in water for 1 to 2 weeks, indicating a high thermal stability and also a hydrothermal stability. The interlayer expanded zeolites prepared from the metallosilicate precursors of MWW topology exhibited higher catalytic activities in the redox and solid acid-catalyzed reactions of bulky molecules than that of their counterparts with conventional MWW topology.
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PMID:Methodology for synthesizing crystalline metallosilicates with expanded pore windows through molecular alkoxysilylation of zeolitic lamellar precursors. 1852 90

A simple and rapid procedure for the separation and determination of inorganic, methyl, and ethyl mercury compounds was described using liquid chromatography (LC) followed by vapor generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (VG-ICP-MS). Well resolved chromatograms were obtained within 5 min by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with a C8 column as the stationary phase and a pH 4.7 solution containing 0.5% v/v 2-mercaptoethanol and 5% v/v methanol as the mobile phase. The separated mercury compounds were converted to mercury vapors by an in situ nebulizer/vapor generation system for their introduction into ICP. The concentrations of NaBH4 and HNO3 required for vapor generation were also optimized. The method was applied for the speciation of mercury in reference materials NIST SRM 1568a Rice Flour and NIST SRM 1567a Wheat Flour and also rice flour and wheat flour samples purchased locally. The accuracy of the procedure was verified by analyzing the certified reference material NRCC DOLT-3 Dogfish Liver for methyl mercury. Precision between sample replicates was better than 13% for all the determinations. The detection limits of the mercury compounds studied were in the range 0.003-0.006 ng Hg mL(-1) in the injected solutions, which correspond to 0.02-0.06 ng g(-1) in original flour samples. A microwave-assisted extraction procedure was adopted for the extraction of mercury compounds from rice flour, wheat flour, and fish samples using a mobile phase solution.
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PMID:Speciation analysis of mercury in cereals by liquid chromatography chemical vapor generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. 1864 58


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