Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a study to evaluate the epidemiological status of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infections in the OB/GYN field, we performed an indirect enzyme immune assay, measuring serum specific IgG and IgA. 1) Among 1,812 cases (0-68 years old), antibody positive rates for IgG and IgA were 29.7% and 11.2%, respectively. The first peak was observed in an age group under 1 year old, representing birth canal infections and the second one in a 20-24 age group showed a certain relation to STD. 2) The C. trachomatis IgG and IgA antibody positive rates in the antigen positive group (139 cases) were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in the antigen negative group (792 cases). 3) In the antigen positive group (139 cases), the positive IgG rate was high (78.8-90.9%) but it did not show any clear differences among the following groups: PID, cervicitis, pregnancy and infertility. However, the positive IgA rate in peritoneal antigen positive PID showed a significantly higher positive rate (100%) than other groups such as cervicitis (39.4%), pregnancy (37.8%) and infertility (45.5%). 4) Following oral administration of antibiotics, the C. trachomatis antigen became negative in almost all cases, while IgG decreased or became negative only in cases of initial infection. IgA decreased or became negative in the following cases: initial infection, low titer cases before treatment, cases treated many times and comparatively young patients with acute infections. Consequently, the immunoassay of C. trachomatis serum antibody appeared to be valuable for epidemiological surveys, for defermining the status of the infection and the effect of treatment.
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PMID:[Significance of the detection of serum specific IgA and IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in the epidemiological survey, diagnosis and therapeutic effect on chlamydial infection in women]. 189 Mar 54

The costs of PID to both individuals and society are enormous. Although primary prevention of PID through control of lower genital tract infections is the most effective prevention strategy, early diagnosis and treatment of acute PID may minimize some of its serious sequelae. Although laparoscopy is helpful for establishing the diagnosis of salpingitis, other less invasive tests along with selected clinical criteria may also be useful. Treatment of PID, which is empiric and broad spectrum, is oriented toward polymicrobial PID. Whenever possible, women with PID should be hospitalized for parenteral therapy. The 1989 CDC STD treatment guidelines recommend two regimens for inpatient parenteral therapy: clindamycin/gentamicin and cefoxitin, or equivalent cephalosporin/doxycycline. Outpatient management of PID should be monitored closely; the CDC-recommended regimen includes use of intramuscular cephalosporins and oral doxycycline. Oral penicillins are no longer recommended.
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PMID:Pelvic inflammatory disease. 224 55

Most pregnant women who have Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) in the uterine cervix are asymptomatic. Several ways of detecting C.trachomatis were tested on 331 pregnant women, as well as 146 female patients attending our STD clinic as a control. 1) The detection rates for C.trachomatis in the cervix of pregnant women were 5.1% using the cell culture method, 2.4% with Micro Trak, and 2.2% employing Chlamydiazyme. These rates were higher in those patients visiting the STD clinic. 2) In pregnant women, the positive rate of Chlamydiazyme was 66.7% in the cell culture-positive cervical specimens, whereas Micro Trak was positive in 33.3%. 3) The antibody-positive rate was 84.6% in cases with PID caused by C.trachomatis. The antibody was found in only 17.7% of the pregnant women. Additionally, no significant correlation was noted between the antibody titer and C.trachomatis colonization in specimens obtained from the cervix of pregnant women. Although Micro Trak, Chlamydiazyme and possibly the microplate immunofluorescence antibody technique can be substituted for a cell culture method for detecting C.trachomatis in cases of symptomatic infection, these tests are not considered to be useful for screening Chlamydia-positive pregnant women.
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PMID:[Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by several methods in the uterine cervix of pregnant women]. 336 Nov 74

With recent advances in the development of detection methods, the number of STD (Sex transmitted disease) cases detected is greater than ever. Among many STD, Chlamydia trachomatis (= CT), a microbe that has been given a great deal of attention in the urologic field as a cause of nonspecific urethritis and has a characteristic life cycle, has been gradually proved to exist commonly and to become a cause of various obstetrical and gynecological diseases. However, as it is clinically still unknown which symptoms are actually influenced by CT, we studied infection with CT in 706 cases, consists of a group of patients with some symptoms and an asymptomatic group mainly consisting of pregnant women. As a result, the positive rate was found to be 12.3% (87 cases); 10.8% (21 out of 194) in asymptomatic pregnant women, 11.0% (13 out of 118) in patients with cervicitis, and 14.9% (30 out of 202) in patients with adnexitis including PID. As to age, the positive rate was highest, 23.1%, in patients under 20 years old. In fact, 1) CT positive pregnant women are not rare, and 2) CT was detected in high frequency in the young generation under 20 years old; and in these young women, the possibility of transmission of the disease to the infant in the birth canal should be considered in connection with future pregnancy and delivery. Tubal sterility may also result. We concluded that it was necessary to establish a satisfactory examination system.
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the female patients]. 337 74

Further studies are needed to define the clinicopathologic manifestations of CT infection. Many questions remain regarding the natural history and pathogenetic mechanisms of CT and its biologic and clinical interactions with other prevalent STDs. However, it is apparent that CT is a major cause of STD in the Western world and that its incidence and prevalence have increased to epidemic proportions in young, sexually active women and men. As with other STDs, epidemiologic control of CT infection is of paramount importance. The clinician and pathologist should develop a heightened awareness of the probability of Chlamydia infection in all patients at risk for STD, and in clinical settings, only a high index of suspicion will result in timely therapeutic intervention. Although more simplified and less expensive diagnostic procedures for CT are being investigated, presently, culture isolation is the best and most accurate diagnostic method for CT genital infection and its use should be popularized and made more easily available. Immunofluorescent staining using monoclonal and heterologous antibodies to extracellular CT elementary bodies in preselected smears appears promising as a diagnostic technique and requires further study. There is no apparent role for the use of routine cyto- and histologic microscopy in the diagnosis of CT infection and the practice of diagnosing presumed chlamydial vacuoles or inclusions from cervicovaginal Pap smears should be actively discouraged. Although CT cervicitis plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis and dissemination of CT infections, it should be remembered that multiple sites of genital involvement occur commonly with CT infection and this multifocality should be considered when CT cervical cultures are negative and in post-treatment follow-up. Cultures should be obtained from sites of suspected involvement and should include scrapings or biopsy sampling of the tissue surface to insure the presence of sufficient numbers of epithelial cells. Local secretions or exudate should not be considered adequate. In the female, sampling of the urethra, rectum, and endometrium may facilitate accurate diagnosis. Scraping or sampling of the tubal epithelium by biopsy may provide diagnostic material in acute salpingitis and PID and should be considered if laparoscopy or laparotomy are performed. Routine screening by culture for CT cervicitis has been suggested in high-risk clinical groups and in antepartum patients for prophylaxis of fetal and neonatal disease and requires serious consideration because of the high prevalence of CT infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract. Pathogenetic and clinicopathologic correlations. 355 20

There have been gratifying decreases in the rates of several major treatable STDs. These decreases show that diligent application of current preventive and management approaches can be effective. These improvements have not necessarily been reflected as great changes for populations at greatest risk, particularly younger women and those in certain geographic locales or in certain ethnic groups. The CDC 1993 STD guidelines provide updated recommendations for treatment, with key innovations, including an indication of the strength of evidence for certain recommendations, expanded discussions of syndromes, and modifications required in treating infection with HIV. There are many areas in which recommendations concerning efficacy are based on insufficient data. In addition to evaluation of new anti-infectives, key areas for future research are issues of compliance and effectiveness, advantages and appropriateness of liberal treatment of core group or selected populations, and impact of treatments for one STD on risk of transmission of others, particularly HIV. Further study is required on the effects of adjunctive treatments of diseases such as PID.
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PMID:Antibiotics and sexually transmitted diseases. 789 Sep 35

In both men and women, STD-associated genital infections may cause permanent damage to the reproductive tract resulting in sub- or infertility. In men, the wide zone between sterility and normal fertility makes it difficult to demarcate the precise role of infection on post-infection fecundity, but it seems less important than in women. The reproductive events were studied in a cohort of 1,309 pregnancy-seeking women, < or = 35 years of age, after laparoscopically verified acute salpingitis, and 451 women with normal laparoscopy. Tubal factor infertility (TFI) was diagnosed in 12.1% of the patients and 0.9% of the controls, and the first pregnancy was ectopic in 7.8% and 1.3%, respectively. Of independent importance for infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and time between PID and first intrauterine pregnancy were number of infections, severity of the infections, contraception at the index laparoscopy, age, and delayed treatment. STD-associated in-subfertility is acquired and, hence, preventable.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. 804 13

A significant decrease in the incidence of most STDs has been reported in Norway during the last decade, especially the last 5 years. Today, syphilis, hepatitis B and gonorrhoea are almost non-existent with incidence rates (IR) of 1.1, 0.9 and 4.4 per 100,000 respectively. The frequency of genital herpes, however, has remained unchanged (IR = 45), while chlamydial infection has shown a decrease of 13% during the last year (IR women = 240). The Chlamydia epidemic became evident in the early 1980-ies and since then has represented the major threat to the reproductive condition in young women resulting in PID, tubal occlusions and ectopic pregnancies. In Norway a preoperative screening program in connection with the performance of abortions was introduced 8-9 years ago. Since then a gradual decrease in the frequency of chlamydial positivity has been notified. At our hospital a reduction of 75% (from 11.7% to 3.1%) in the prevalence of C. trachomatis has been observed in women seeking abortion. The decrease is evident is all age groups, but predominantly in those below 25 years. At the same time the frequency of PID has decreased by 80%, while so far only a slight reduction in the frequency of ectopic pregnancies has been observed. Public and professional awareness, together with an increased prescription of anti-chlamydial drugs to women with genital infections may have contributed to this decrease. Partner tracing is not satisfactory, being performed in only one out of 5 cases. A new act for the prevention of communicable diseases will be introduced next year. This act will make partner notification mandatory and STD treatment free of charge. In Norway, 350,000 chlamydial tests (8 per 100 inhabitants) are performed per year, 39% in women < 25 years. Even today the age-specific prevalence of these women are so high that Chlamydia screening is cost-effective.
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PMID:[Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. The norwegian experience]. 868 4

Chlamydia trachomatis is one the most important sexually transmitted diseases; it can cause serious sequelae despite the absence of symptoms in some people. It's estimated that about 25% of women who have acute salpingitis become infertile, and chlamydial infection is the commonest cause. The introduction of screening programs for its detection are still a topic of discussion. The literature shows that the total cost of examination and treatment of complications known to be associated with genital chlamydial infection (PID, chronic pelvic pain, tubal factor infertility) is generally higher than the total cost of a large-scale Chlamydia screening program. The selection of a diagnostic test for detection of chlamydial genital infection depends on availability, local expertise, and prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the test population. Cell culture is too expensive in nonendemic regions, so the use of non-culture techniques is very attractive. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and LCR (ligase chain reaction) are actually the two most commonly used alternatives to conventional methods for detecting STD agents. In fact, PCR and LCR have proved useful for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical and urethral samples both in symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Recently, testing of first-void urine (FVU) specimens with these techniques has shown that the amplification tests are as sensitive as tests with endocervical swab cultures.
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PMID:Update on Chlamydia trachomatis. 1081 17

500,000 cases of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) are reported annually in the US, with 34,000 to 92,000 women becoming sterile as a consequence of the disease. In addition, the contraceptive methods women use during their exposure to PID-causing agents may directly affect their relative risk of developing PID, at an annual cost of $2.7 billion in health-care expenses. Another sequelae of PID is ectopic pregnancy. The STD epidemic years from 1965 to 1975 are projected to increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies to 50,000 a year, or one for every 60 live births before leveling off. By 1990, 1 out of 32 women will have had an ectopic pregnancy. Tubal occlusion can result in involuntary infertility. The National Survey of Family Growth estimates that the prevalence of infertile women aged 15 to 44 who are married and use no contraceptive method has increased in the past 2-1/2 years from 2.7% to 6.1%. These women number 142,000 annually and resort to nonsurgical sterilization, with PID as a major reason. Gonococcal PID accounts for 34,000 to 92,000 women becoming involuntarily sterile each year. However, over 80% of PID is nongonococcal PID, which is a worst disease. Chronic PID and infertility are found "more often in women who have had nongonococcal PID than in women who have had gonococcal PID." Etiologic organisms of PID include gonorrhea; E. coli, anaerobes and Chlamydia trachomatis.
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PMID:Rates of ectopic pregnancy, sterility follow PID rise. 1227


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