Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Most developmentally regulated epitopes identified on embryonal carcinoma cells and murine preimplantation embryos are associated with a glycoprotein-bound large glycan called embryoglycan. To prepare monoclonal antibodies recognizing other, less immunogenic stage-specific embryonic epitopes, we used embryoglycan-negative embryonal carcinoma cells P19XT.1.1 as immunogen. One monoclonal antibody prepared by this strategy was found to react specifically with mouse embryonal carcinoma and embryo-derived stem cell lines. The target epitope, TEC-4, was found to be expressed on eggs and two-cell embryos but was undetectable on later stages of mouse embryos and adult mouse tissues. NaDodSO4/PAGE of immunoaffinity-isolated antigen revealed that TEC-4 epitope is associated with glycoproteins of apparent Mr 120,000 and 240,000. The epitope was resistant to oxidation by sodium periodate and to digestion by endoglycosidase F but was sensitive to treatment with protein-denaturing agents and proteases, which suggested that the epitope is located in the protein moiety of the molecule. In the course of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells the epitope disappeared before the onset of morphological differentiation. The combined data indicate that TEC-4 is an unusual stage-specific embryonic antigen that may be amenable to direct genetic analysis.
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PMID:Unusual stage-specific embryonic antigen (TEC-4) defined by a monoclonal antibody to embryonal carcinoma cells defective in the expression of embryoglycan. 257 58

Severe heat stress experienced by aircrew during summer months can cause deterioration in performance. Acute heat stress can also lead to dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Previous studies emphasised the need of K+ replacement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of glucose electrolyte ingestion (ELECTRAL) on thermal strain parameters. Ten healthy male subjects in the age group of 19-43 years were exposed to an acute thermal environment of 50 degrees C Tdb with relative humidity of 30% for 40 min. twice each day on two different days with an interval of one hour in between the exposures. At the beginning of rest period electrolyte solution was ingested during electrolyte trials and water under control trials. Physiological parameters of Tsk, T or, HR and electrolyte concentration of Na+ and K+ in sweat did not show any significant difference in both the trials. Sweat loss was significantly higher during electrolyte trials.
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PMID:Effect of glucose electrolyte ingestion on physiological changes due to severe heat stress. 259 41

A short and up-to-date review on the great advances made in the field of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is presented. All the short active peptides (up to 33 AA) isolated after purification of atrial homogenates have the same core of 23 amino acids (Ser 103-ARG 125). The ANF liberated in the medium of cultures of rat atrial cardiocytes is the 26 amino acid Arg 101-Tyr 126. Cloning of the cDNA encoding for ANF and of the rat, mouse, and human ANF gene has been accomplished. ANF has a most potent and short-lasting diuretic and natriuretic effect that appears to be predominantly due to a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate. ANF inhibits the release of aldosterone both in vitro and in vivo. It produces a profound inhibition of vascular contraction induced by norepinephrine and angiotensin II. This vasorelaxation is followed by a prolonged refractory period. ANF administration corrects the hypertension in 2K-1C hypertensive rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Specific high-density binding sites have been found in the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, subfornical organ, median eminence, area postrema, and nucleus tractus solitarius, all areas involved in the brain control of hypertension and in the regulation of salt and water. ANF has no effect on the known sodium transport mechanisms across cell membrane. It has a major effect on the stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity, especially in renal glomeruli. Specific radioimmunoassay procedures have been established and results of preliminary studies that establish clearly that ANF is a circulating hormone are presented.
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PMID:Atrial natriuretic factor. 294 45

Forty-five cirrhotic patients with oesophageal varices underwent endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in a prospective randomized trial carried out to compare two sclerosing agents (5 per cent ethanolamine oleate and 2 per cent sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STD] with respect to safety, efficacy and complications. Twenty-three patients were allocated to the ethanolamine group and twenty-two to the STD group. The rate of control of acute bleeding was 100 per cent (6/6) in the ethanolamine group and 75 per cent (3/4) in the STD group. There was a significantly lower rate of postinjection bleeding after the over-tube was removed at the initial session of sclerotherapy when ethanolamine was injected 0/23 versus 7/22, 32 per cent; P less than 0.01) and at the second session there was a significantly (P less than 0.01) higher rate of jet-like bleeding from injection sites in the STD group (6/21, 29 per cent) than in the ethanolamine group (0/22). The disappearance rate of red colour signs 1 week after the initial session of sclerotherapy in the ethanolamine group was 100 per cent and 62 per cent in the STD group. Early oesophageal ulcers developed less frequently in the ethanolamine group (0 and 9 per cent) than in the STD group (24 per cent and 43 per cent both after the initial (P less than 0.05) and the second session of sclerotherapy (P less than 0.01]. Early bleeding from an oesophageal ulcer occurred only in the STD group (5/21, 24 per cent) before the third session of sclerotherapy (P less than 0.05). The rate of early mortality did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that ethanolamine seems to be safer and more efficacious than STD for sclerosing oesophageal varices.
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PMID:Trial of sclerosing agents in patients with oesophageal varices. 304 33

We have studied the problem of pulmonary capillary-alveolar CO2 exchange in the cat during acute hypercapnia. Three cats, anesthetized with xylazine and pentobarbital sodium and prepared with acute tracheostomy and femoral arterial catheter, and three awake cats, prepared with a small tracheal catheter and femoral arterial catheter, were subjected to acute hypercapnia (FICO2 = 0.00, 0.06, and 0.08). During steady states, end tidal PCO2 was determined with an infrared analyzer, and arterial PCO2 was measured with a Radiometer ABL-2 analyzer in simultaneously drawn samples. In vitro studies indicated that our blood sampling techniques resulted in a 6% reduction in PCO2. Blood PCO2 readings were corrected for (1) non-ideal performance of the analyzer as determined by tonometry, (2) 6% reduction due to sampling, and (3) differences between electrode and rectal temperature. Mean arterial-end tidal PCO2 differences were not significantly different from zero in any condition in either group (except for 0.08 CO2 in the awake group when the difference was 2.0 Torr). These findings in the cat agree with the classical view that PCO2 in pulmonary capillary blood approaches PCO2 in alveolar gas. Further, our findings provide evidence that CO2 loss from blood samples is an important technical factor which can cause systematic underestimation of blood PCO2 and, hence, contribute to the observation of negative PCO2 gradients.
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PMID:Arterial-end tidal PCO2 equilibration in the cat during acute hypercapnia. 313 49

The expression, properties and relationship of two mouse embryonic antigens (TEC-1 and TEC-2), which are defined by monoclonal antibodies, were investigated in the epididymis of four rodent species. Absorption analysis, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry revealed that all the species studied contained in their epididymides, but not in testes, either TEC-1 (Chinese hamster), TEC-2 (guinea pigs, rats) or both TEC-1 and TEC-2 (mice) antigens. In an indirect immunofluorescence assay, the antigens were found on spermatozoa isolated from caudae epididymides of guinea pigs, rats and Chinese hamsters but not mice. On the other hand, the TEC-2 antigen, which is expressed on mouse eggs, was not detected on eggs from the other species studied. Immunolabeling of epididymal extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that both epididymal antigens have apparent molecular weights of greater than 200,000. In guinea pigs, rats and mice, the antigens were detected by a two-site sandwich radioantibody-binding assay in which the antigen is immobilized and detected with the same antibody; this indicates that several antigenic determinants were present on the same carrier. In mice, some carriers seem to express both TEC-1 and TEC-2 epitopes. In Chinese hamsters, TEC-1 antigen was only detected by the solid-phase assay, suggesting that in this species there are markedly fewer antigenic determinants per carrier molecule. Interspecies differences in the activities of epididymal glycosyltransferases and/or glycosidases appear to be the biochemical mechanism of the species-specific expression of these antigens.
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PMID:Differential expression of mouse embryonic antigens TEC-1 and TEC-2 in the epididymis of four rodent species. 330 64

A type-2 casein kinase (YCK-2), lacking the 25-kDa autophosphorylatable beta subunit characteristic of animal casein kinases-2, has been obtained in a nearly pure form from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was compared with liver casein kinase-2 (LCK-2). A 22-kDa phosphorylatable protein, copurifying with YCK-2, can be removed by ultracentrifugation at low ionic strength and is shown by several criteria to be unrelated to the beta subunit of LCK-2. The native Mr of YCK-2, deprived of the 22-kDa phosphoprotein, is about 150 000. Limited proteolysis experiments show that YCK-2 included 37-kDa catalytic subunits, which can be converted into still active 35-kDa proteolytic derivatives. These data are consistent with a homotetrameric quaternary structure as opposed to the heterotetrameric subunit composition alpha 2 beta 2 of LCK-2 and other animal casein kinases-2. Although many properties of YCK-2 and LCK-2, including substrate specificity, inhibition by heparin, polyglutamic acid and quercetin and stimulation by polyamines, are similar; their stability under denaturing and dissociating conditions and their response to polybasic peptides are quite different. In particular YCK-2 is more readily denatured than LCK-2 by heating and exposure to urea, sodium dodecylsulphate and deoxycholate while its activity is inhibited by 100-150 mM NaCl, which conversely stimulates LCK-2 activity 2-3-fold. The Km value of the synthetic peptide substrate Ser-(Glu)5 for YCK-2 is not significantly changed by the addition of polylysine. On the contrary the Km value of the same peptide substrate for LCK-2 decreases approximately tenfold upon addition of polylysine, which also prevents the fast autophosphorylation of the kinase at its beta subunit. These data suggest that the beta subunit of animal CK-2 may play a role in determining both the stability of the enzyme and its regulation and that, consequently, the different properties of YCK-2 may be at least in part accounted for by its lack of beta subunits.
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PMID:Structure and properties of casein kinase-2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A comparison with the liver enzyme. 352 5

Effects of dehydration (3% of initial body weight) on temperature regulation were investigated in 5 men during intermittent exercise of 4 h duration at a dry air temperature of 34 degrees C. Relative mechanical work load was 50% of the subject's steady state heart rate, which was 170 beats . min-1. During rehydration from the 70th min to the end of the exercise, the subjects drank, every 10 min in equal portions, an amount of water (20 degrees C) totaling up to 80% of the body weight loss recorded during dehydration runs. Continuous measurements were made of rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures and of whole body weight loss. Chest sweating rate (msw) was measured from a capsule located under a local thermal clamp (36 degrees C). Blood samples were obtained during rest periods and after the 1st and the 4th hour of exercise. Compared to dehydration runs, water intake did not always cause an increase of msw while body temperatures always decreased. Dehydration resulted in a decrease in plasma volume and in increases of plasma osmolality, [Na+] and [K+]. Water intake induced a thermoregulatory response whose intensity largely differs from one body area to another. The change in the slope of the relation of msw to Tre features a decrease in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system with dehydration. The whole body water loss is significantly correlated with the change in plasma volume and body temperatures (Tre, Tsk). This suggests that the reduced sweating response observed during dehydration can be related to plasma hypovolemia.
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PMID:Temperature regulation during intermittent exercise with progressive dehydration. 373 92

A tyrosine protein kinase activity has been partially purified from calf thymus using the phosphorylation of the tyrosine-containing peptide angiotensin I as an assay. Detergent extracts of calf thymus possessed only low levels of specific peptide phosphorylating activity when assayed at low ionic strength. The inclusion of NaCl at a concentration of 2 M stimulated endogenous tyrosine protein kinase activity, while the activity of other endogenous kinases was inhibited. This sensitivity to NaCl was retained following partial purification of the enzyme. The phosphorylation of other substrates such as casein or the R-R-SRC peptide (Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Arg-Gly) by the tyrosine protein kinase was less sensitive to NaCl. Phosphorylation of the PK-1 peptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) by the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was inhibited by NaCl. The effect of NaCl on angiotensin I phosphorylation could be mimicked by KCl or sodium acetate. The principal effect of NaCl was to increase the Vmax of the enzyme for the phosphorylation of angiotensin I. At low ionic strength, Mn2+ and Co2+ were the preferred required divalent cations. At elevated NaCl concentrations Mg2+ was preferred, with half-maximal activation occurring at 35 mM Mg2+. By conducting peptide phosphorylation assays in the presence of elevated levels of Mg2+ and NaCl, tyrosine protein kinase activity can readily be detected in extracts from cell lines that express low levels of the enzyme.
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PMID:Properties of a tyrosine protein kinase from calf thymus. Response to ionic strength and divalent cations. 387 56

To determine the effects of food deprivation on the physical, physiological, and metabolic responses to exercise in the heat, adult, male rats (330-360g, N = 16/group) were food-deprived for 24, 48, or 72 h. They were then exercised (9.14m X min-1) in the heat (35.5 degrees C) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tco approximately 43 degrees C). Food deprivation had no effects on endurance, but ad lib fed controls manifested significantly (p less than 0.05) increased Tco and Tsk during the latter portion of the treadmill interval. While plasma osmolality was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in all groups as a result of the heat/exercise contingency, hematocrit ratios were elevated (p less than 0.01) as a result of 48 and 72 h of food deprivation. Food deprivation resulted in severe hypoglycemia following exercise (p less than 0.01), and these decrements were accompanied by marked (p less than 0.01) reductions in circulating insulin levels. Prolonged food deprivation (48 and 72 h) resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlactacidemia subsequent to exercise. Levels of sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, and creatine phosphokinase were unaffected by the food deprivation intervals. We have concluded from these studies that while several thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to exercise in the heat can be significantly affected by food deprivation, short-term endurance capacity was unaltered.
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PMID:Food deprivation and exercise in the heat: thermoregulatory and metabolic effects. 389 96


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