Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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An instrument for cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA), located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research (NCNR), has proven useful for the measurement of boron in a variety of materials. Neutrons, moderated by passage through liquid hydrogen at 20 K, pass through a (58)Ni coated guide to the PGAA station in the cold neutron guide hall of the NCNR. The thermal equivalent neutron fluence rate at the sample position is 9 x 10(8) cm(-2) s(-1). Prompt gamma rays are measured by a cadmium- and lead-shielded high-purity germanium detector. The instrument has been used to measure boron mass fractions in minerals, in NIST SRM 2175 (Refractory Alloy MP-35-N) for certification of boron, and most recently in semiconductor-grade silicon. The limit of detection for boron in many materials is <10 ng g(-1).
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PMID:Determination of boron in materials by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis. 1561 60

A biosorption procedure for separation-enrichment of aluminum in environmental samples has been presented in this work. Pseudomonas aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106 has been used as biosorbent for that purpose. P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative, aerobic rod. The influences of pH of the aqueous solution, eluent type, eluent volume, sample volume, etc. were examined on the quantitative recovery of aluminum in P. aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106. The effects of concomitant ions on the recoveries of aluminum were also investigated. The detection limit based on 3 sigma for aluminum is 30 ng L(-1). Three certified reference materials (LGC 6010 Hard Drinking Water, NIST-SRM 1568a Rice Flour and NRCC-DORM-2 Dogfish Muscle) were analyzed for the validation of the presented procedure. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination of aluminum in environmental samples including natural water and food samples. The concentration of aluminum in real samples was found at ppb level.
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PMID:Biosorption of aluminum on Pseudomonas aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106 prior to its graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination. 1805 64

A simple and rapid method based on ultrasound energy is described for the determination of aluminum (AI) in complex matrixes of chocolate and candy samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization strategy was carried out using multivariate methodologies. Five variables (temperature of the ultrasonic bath; exposure time to ultrasound energy; volumes of 2 acid mixtures, HNO3-H2SO4-H2O2 (1 + 1 + 1) and HNO3-H2O2 (1 + 1); and sample mass) were considered as factors in the optimization process. Interactions between analytical factors and their optimal levels were investigated using fractional factorial and Doehlert matrix designs. Validation of the ultrasonic-assisted acid digestion procedure was performed against standard reference materials, milk powder (SRM 8435) and wheat flour (SRM 1567a). The proposed procedure allowed Al determination with a detection limit of 2.3 microg/L (signal-to-noise = 3) and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation, of 2.2% for a set of 10 measurements of certified samples. The recovery of Al by the proposed procedure was close to 100%, and no significant difference at the 95% confidence level was found between determined and certified values of Al. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination of Al in chocolate and candy samples. The results indicated that cocoa-based chocolates have higher contents of Al than milk- and sugar-based chocolates and candies.
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PMID:Application of fractional factorial design and Doehlert matrix in the optimization of experimental variables associated with the ultrasonic-assisted acid digestion of chocolate samples for aluminum determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 1819 48

Rapid surface oxidation of a metal was carried out using a low voltage (9-18 V dc) power supply to examine the feasibility of low power electrocorrosion as an alternative to current metal sampling techniques such as acid digestion. Potential was applied between a metal alloy and a cellulose electrode that was made conductive using an aqueous solution (NH4NO3, KCl). Metal ions diffuse into the cellulose as rapid surface oxidation of the metal occurs. The metal ions can then be extracted and analyzed using atomic spectroscopy (e.g. GFAAS). Steel (316L, SRM 663), brass and aluminum alloys were electro-corroded using constant potential. At short intervals (< 2 min) the mass of corroded metal increased linearly with time. Corrosion rates for Cr, Ni, Cu and Mn ranged from 870 to 34 pg s(-1). The mass of metal corroded increased as applied potential/current increased and depends on the surface area of the cellulose-metal contact. Experiments showed that preferential metal corrosion does not occur in steel samples. SEM images show that there is a relatively large area ( approximately 1mm(2)) of homogenous corrosion and that the most damage occurs closest to the edge of filter paper/metal contact. Low power electrocorrosion was used to identify metals in a fork of unknown composition. Multiple techniques (GFAAS, FAAS and SN-ICP-MS) were used for analysis and it was found that Ag and Cu were the primary metals in the alloy, in a ratio of 3:1. Trace amounts of other metals (<1%) were found but not quantified.
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PMID:Low power electrocorrosion for sample preparation: identification of metals in alloys. 1837 6

A microorganism Agrobacterium tumefacients as an immobilized cell on a solid support was presented as a new biosorbent for the enrichment of Fe(III), Co(II), Mn(II) and Cr(III) prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. Amberlite XAD-4 was used as a support material for column preconcentration. Various parameters such as pH, amount of adsorbent, eluent type and volume, flow rate of sample solution, volume of sample solution and matrix interference effect on the retention of the metal ions have been studied. The optimum pH for the sorption of above mentioned metal ions were about 6, 8, 8 and 6, respectively. The loading capacity of adsorbent for Co(II) and Mn(II) were found to be 29 and 22mumolg(-1), respectively. The recoveries of Fe(III), Co(II), Mn(II) and Cr(III), under the optimum conditions were found to be 99 +/- 3, 99 +/- 2, 98 +/- 3 and 98 +/- 3%, respectively, at the 95% confidence level. The limit of detection was 3.6, 3.0, 2.8 and 3.6ngml(-1) for Fe(III), Co(II), Mn(II) and Cr (III), respectively, by applying a preconcentration factor of 25. The proposed enrichment method was applied for metal ion determination from water samples, alloy samples, infant foods and certified samples such as whey powder (IAEA-155) and aluminum alloy (NBS SRM 85b). The analytes were determined with a relative error lower than 10% in all samples.
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PMID:The use of Agrobacterium tumefacients immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4 as a new biosorbent for the column preconcentration of iron(III), cobalt(II), manganese(II) and chromium(III). 1896 92

A speciation procedure for As(III) and As(V) ions in environmental samples has been presented. As(V) was quantitatively recovered on aluminum hydroxide precipitate. After oxidation of As(III) by using dilute KMnO(4), the developed coprecipitation was applied to determination of total arsenic. Arsenic(III) was calculated as the difference between the total arsenic content and As(V) content. The determination of arsenic levels was performed by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). The analytical conditions for the quantitative recoveries of As(V) including pH, amount of aluminum as carrier element and sample volume, etc. on the presented coprecipitation system were investigated. The effects of some alkaline, earth alkaline, metal ions and also some anions were also examined. Preconcentration factor was calculated as 25. The detection limits (LOD) based on three times sigma of the blank (N: 21) for As(V) was 0.012 microg L(-1). The satisfactory results for the analysis of arsenic in NIST SRM 2711 Montana soil and LGC 6010 Hard drinking water certified reference materials for the validation of the method was obtained. The presented procedure was successfully applied to real samples including natural waters for arsenic speciation.
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PMID:Arsenic speciation in natural water samples by coprecipitation-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry combination. 1917 2

Dasatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (including BCR-ABL and the SRC family) that is effective in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Dasatinib has pH-dependent solubility and is bioavailable as an oral formulation. The effect of gastric pH modifiers on dasatinib pharmacokinetics is evaluated in an open-label, randomized, 3-period, 3-treatment crossover study. Twenty-four healthy subjects receive treatment A (2 doses of dasatinib 50 mg separated by 12 hours), treatment B (famotidine 40 mg given 2 hours after dasatinib 50 mg and 10 hours before another dose of dasatinib 50 mg), and treatment C (30 mL of an antacid containing aluminum/magnesium hydroxides given 2 hours before dasatinib 50 mg and concomitantly with dasatinib 50 mg 12 hours after the previous dasatinib dose); a 7-day washout separates each treatment period. When famotidine is administered 2 hours after dasatinib, dasatinib exposure is similar to dasatinib administered alone. However, dasatinib exposure is reduced by approximately 60% when famotidine is administered 10 hours before dasatinib dosing. In contrast, dasatinib exposure is unchanged when antacid (Maalox) is administered 2 hours before dasatinib; but when the antacid is coadministered with dasatinib, dasatinib exposure is reduced by approximately 55% to 58%. This indicates that H(2)-receptor antagonists should not be coadministered with dasatinib. Dasatinib may be administered with acid-neutralizing antacids if the doses are temporally separated by at least 2 hours.
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PMID:Phase I study of the effect of gastric acid pH modulators on the bioavailability of oral dasatinib in healthy subjects. 1939 85

A separation/preconcentration of aluminum (III) (Al(3+)) has been developed to overcome the problem of high matrix species, which may interfere with the determination of trace quantity of Al(3+) in natural water samples. The separation of Al(3+) in water samples was carried out from interfering cations by complexing them with 2-methyle 8-hyroxyquinoline (quinaldine) on activated silica. Whereas the separated trace amounts of Al(3+) was preconcentrated by cloud point extraction (CPE), as prior step to its determination by spectrofluorimetry (SPF) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The Al(3+) react with 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and then entrapped in non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. The main factors affecting CPE efficiency, such as pH of sample solution, concentration of oxine and Triton X-114, equilibration temperature and time period for shaking were investigated in detail. The validity of separation/preconcentration of Al(3+) was checked by certified reference material of water (SRM-1643e). After optimization of the complexation and extraction conditions, a preconcentration factor of 20 was obtained for Al(3+) in 10 mL of natural water samples. The relative standard deviation for 6 replicates containing 100 microg L(-1) of Al(3+) was 5.41 and 4.53% for SPF and FAAS, respectively. The proposed method has been applied for determination of trace amount of Al(3+) in natural water samples with satisfactory results.
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PMID:Separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of aluminum ions in surface water samples using different analytical techniques. 1978 6

Ambient temperature adsorption isotherms have been developed for C(2)-C(6) diols and triols on small (FER), medium (MWW, MFI, BEA), and large (MOR, FAU) pore zeolites as well as on ordered mesoporous materials (MCM-36, 3DOm-MFI, and SBA-15) using gravimetry. Henry's constants for diol and triol adsorption on silicalite-1 increase exponentially with carbon number demonstrating that confinement of the adsorbate in the zeolite pores is the primary driving force for adsorption. This conclusion is supported by results for propylene glycol adsorption at low coverages on materials differing in topology and chemical composition. It is shown that adsorption decreases with an increase in the adsorbent pore size, and aluminum content only has a marginal effect. Comparison of diol and triol adsorption on silicalite-1 shows that increasing the number of hydroxyl groups causes a decrease in the Henry's constant possibly due to a change of the configuration of the adsorbate in the zeolite pores, while the location of the hydroxyl groups does not have a significant effect. Overall, this study provides evidence that polyol adsorption is primarily a function of dispersion forces that are derived from the fit of the adsorbate in the adsorbent pores. These findings could have an impact on the separation and catalytic conversion of oxygenates in the processing of biomass to chemicals and fuels.
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PMID:Driving forces for adsorption of polyols onto zeolites from aqueous solutions. 2007 98

Analytical methods for the speciation of mercury, based on microwave extraction and sonication extraction, have been tested to determine the inorganic mercury and methyl mercury contents in two standard soil reference materials: SRM 2710 Montana Soil and BCR 580 estuarine sediment. Prior to applying the speciation extraction methods, the mineral compositions were analyzed via XRD analysis, with SRM 2710 shown to be composed mostly of aluminum silicate minerals, while carbonate minerals were the major constituent in BCR 580. Two extraction methods, microwave and sonication, were tested for the analysis and recovery efficiency of total mercury. The accuracy and efficiency of each extraction method was also compared. In the analysis of total mercury, the microwave extraction method, with using methanol and HCl as extractants, was better for SRM2710, while the application of the sonication extraction method was more efficient for the calcite-based BCR 580. The results showed good separation and recovery efficiencies, with values reaching 100% of those estimated. The sonication method was selected for the speciation of mercury, especially in BCR 580. An extraction solution comprising of a 1:1 mixture of methanol and HCl was used for the sonication extraction of BCR 580, with the resulting extractants analyzed by IC-HG-ICP-MS for methyl mercury and inorganic mercury. As a simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate method, sonication extraction was found to be satisfactory.
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PMID:Estimation of mercury speciation in soil standard reference materials with different extraction methods by ion chromatography coupled with ICP-MS. 2104 27


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