Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The complexation equilibria of magnesium(II) with purpurin (PURP) are studied spectrophotometrically as a function of pH in 50% (v/v) ethanol-water medium at 20 degrees C. The uncharged complex formed at pH 9.5 allows precise and accurate determination of magnesium over the concentration range 0.8-4.3 mug ml(-1). The molar absorptivity of the Mg-PURP complex at 540 nm and detection limit for Mg are 9.2x10(3) l mol(-1) cm(-1) and 75 ng ml(-1), respectively. The proposed method is rapid and possesses reasonable selectivity. Under the optimum conditions, the use of first-derivative spectrophotometry has the advantage of high sensitivity than normal spectrophotometry and allows the determination of 0.2 mug ml(-1) of magnesium. The validity of the method is examined by analysing several SRM Portland cement samples and a variety of cement materials of variable magnesia content.
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PMID:An insight into the solution equilibria of magnesium(II) with purpurin and spectrophotometric determination of magnesium. 1896 60

This study compares two methods (a self-administered paper survey and a face-to-face interview) of collecting information about personal risk behaviours important for studies of HIV and other blood-borne pathogen transmissions in a developing country. In the framework of an epidemiological study conducted among 2504 donors in the Blood Center at the Ministry of Health, Mongolia, 2250 participants completed a short paper survey and 923 participants were interviewed concerning risk factors for hepatitis infections. A total of 669 individuals completed both surveys. McNemar's test and Kappa statistics were used to compare responses from both types of questionnaire. Kappa coefficients for health-care factors ranged from 0.57 (injection outside of hospital) to 0.81 (previous blood donation). Alcohol use and smoking were both reported more often in the interview than in the survey; the kappa coefficient was lowest (0.61) for alcohol use. While the prevalence of these behaviours depended on the mode of data collection, the association between behaviour and an outcome, hepatitis B surface antigen, was not substantially different between the two data collection methods. The results indicate that misclassification of risk behaviours is likely regardless of data collection method. However, in this study we found that biased estimates of prevalence likely did not substantially bias the estimates of association between risk factors and blood-borne infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2009 Jan
PMID:Agreement in self-reported personal risk factor information collected by different modes in Mongolia. 1910 91

A method for the separation and speciative determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) has been developed. The procedure is based on coprecipitation of Cr(III) on 3-ethyl-4-(p-chlorobenzylidenamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (EPHBAT) without carrier element. The Cr(III) can be selectively precipitated on EPHBAT in the pH range of 8.0-9.0, while Cr(VI) cannot be retained. Total chromium was determined after the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) with 0.5 mL of concentrated H2SO4 and 0.5 mL of ethanol. Cr(VI) concentrations were obtained as the respective differences between total chromium and Cr(III). Experiments were performed to optimize conditions, such as pH, amounts of EPHBAT, sample volume, etc. A preconcentration factor of 50-fold was achieved for Cr(III). The detection limit of the method for Cr(III) was 1.0 microg L(-1). To validate the developed method, the certified reference materials (NIST SRM 1573a and GBW 0703) were analyzed. The method was applied for the speciation of chromium in spiked natural water samples with satisfactory results.
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PMID:3-Ethyl-4-(p-chlorobenzylidenamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (EPHBAT) as precipitant for carrier element free coprecipitation and speciation of chromium(III) and chromium(VI). 1964 39

Sexually active heterosexual college males (N = 93) provided data on over 1,500 sexual encounters. Alcohol consumption, expectancies about alcohol's impact on condom use, and partner type each contributed to use of a condom. Partner type covaried with alcohol consumption and condom use. The men consumed significantly more alcohol with new partners, followed by casual partners, and then by regular partners. In contrast, they were more likely to use condoms with new partners than with casual or regular partners. Drinking alcohol decreased condom use, but only with casual partners. Expectancies about alcohol's disinhibiting sexual effects decreased condom use as well. These data suggest that alcohol consumption does decrease condom use, particularly with casual partners and when drinkers believe alcohol alters sexual disinhibition. Improving knowledge about HIV and other STD transmission in casual partners and challenging expectancies about alcohol as a sexual disinhibitor could help decrease the spread of HIV and other STDs.
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PMID:Effects of alcohol, expectancies, and partner type on condom use in college males: event-level analyses. 1981 39

South Africa has a massive burden of HIV and alcohol disease, and these pandemics are inextricably linked. Much evidence indicates that alcohol independently influences decisions around sex, and undermines skills for condom negotiation and correct use. Thus, not surprisingly, people with problem drinking in Africa have twofold higher risk for HIV than non-drinkers. Also, sexual violence incidents often coincide with heavy alcohol use, both among perpetrators and victims. Reducing alcohol harms necessitates both population- and individual-level interventions, especially raised taxation, regulation of alcohol advertising and provision of Brief Interventions. Alcohol counselling interventions must include discussion of linkages between alcohol and sex, and consequences thereof. Within positive-prevention services, alcohol reduction interventions could diminish HIV transmission. A trial is needed to definitively demonstrate that reduced drinking lowers HIV incidence. However, given available evidence, implementation of effective interventions could alleviate much alcohol-attributable disease, including unsafe sex, sexual violence, unintended pregnancy and, likely, HIV transmission.
Int J STD AIDS 2010 Jan
PMID:Causal links between binge drinking patterns, unsafe sex and HIV in South Africa: its time to intervene. 2002 60

The pathological mechanism of restenosis is primarily attributed to excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The preventive effects of ethanol extract of Dunaliella salina (EDS) on balloon injury-induced neointimal formation were investigated. To explore its molecular mechanism in regulating cell proliferation, we first showed that EDS markedly reduced the human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation via the inhibition of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation at 40 and 80 microg/ml. This was further supported by the G0/G1-phase arrest using a flow cytometric analysis. In an in vivo study, EDS at 40 and 80 microg/ml was previously administered to the Sprague-Dawley rats and found that the thickness of neointima, and the ratio of neointima:media were also reduced. EDS inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner following stimulation of VSMC cultures with 15 % fetal bovine serum (FBS). Suppressed by EDS were 15 % FBS-stimulated intracellular Raf, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-Erk) involved in cell-cycle arrest and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) was also suppressed by EDS. Also active caspase-9, caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein expression levels were increased by administration with EDS; the apoptotic pathway may play an important role in the regulatory effects of EDS on cell growth. These observations provide a mechanism of EDS in attenuating cell proliferation, thus as a potential intervention for restenosis.
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PMID:Molecular mechanism of green microalgae, Dunaliella salina, involved in attenuating balloon injury-induced neointimal formation. 2381 65

There is no question that chronic alcohol (ethanol) abuse, a leading worldwide problem, causes neuronal dysfunction and brain damage. However, various epidemiologic studies in recent years have indicated that in comparisons with abstainers or never-drinkers, light/moderate alcohol consumers have lower risks of age-dependent cognitive decline and/or dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Such reduced risks have been variously attributed to favorable circulatory and/or cerebrovascular effects of moderate ethanol intake, but they could also involve ethanol "preconditioning" phenomena in brain glia and neurons. Here we summarize our experimental studies showing that moderate ethanol preconditioning (MEP; 20-30 mM ethanol) of rat brain cultures prevents neurodegeneration due to beta-amyloid, an important protein implicated in AD, and to other neuroinflammatory proteins such as gp120, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope protein linked to AIDS dementia. The MEP neuroprotection is associated with suppression of neurotoxic protein-evoked initial increases in [Ca(+2)](i) and proinflammatory mediators--e.g., superoxide anion, arachidonic acid, and glutamate. Applying a sensor --> transducer --> effector model to MEP, we find that onset of neuroprotection correlates temporally with elevations in "effector" heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP27, and phospho-HSP27). The effector status of HSPs is supported by the fact that inhibiting HSP elevations due to MEP largely restores gp120-induced superoxide potentiation and subsequent neurotoxicity. As upstream mediators, synaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors may be initial prosurvival sensors of ethanol, and protein kinase C epsilon and focal adhesion kinase are likely transducers during MEP that are essential for protective HSP elevations. Regarding human consumption, we speculate that moderate ethanol intake might counter incipient cognitive deterioration during advanced aging or AD by exerting preconditioning-like suppression of ongoing neuroinflammation related to amyloidogenic protein accumulation.
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PMID:Moderate ethanol preconditioning of rat brain cultures engenders neuroprotection against dementia-inducing neuroinflammatory proteins: possible signaling mechanisms. 2042 15

Conduct problems, substance use, and risky sexual behavior have been shown to coexist among adolescents, which may lead to significant health problems. The current study was designed to examine relations among these problem behaviors in a community sample of children at high risk for conduct disorder. A latent growth model of childhood conduct problems showed a decreasing trend from grades K to 5. During adolescence, four concurrent conduct problem and substance use trajectory classes were identified (high conduct problems and high substance use, increasing conduct problems and increasing substance use, minimal conduct problems and increasing substance use, and minimal conduct problems and minimal substance use) using a parallel process growth mixture model. Across all substances (tobacco, binge drinking, and marijuana use), higher levels of childhood conduct problems during kindergarten predicted a greater probability of classification into more problematic adolescent trajectory classes relative to less problematic classes. For tobacco and binge drinking models, increases in childhood conduct problems over time also predicted a greater probability of classification into more problematic classes. For all models, individuals classified into more problematic classes showed higher proportions of early sexual intercourse, infrequent condom use, receiving money for sexual services, and ever contracting an STD. Specifically, tobacco use and binge drinking during early adolescence predicted higher levels of sexual risk taking into late adolescence. Results highlight the importance of studying the conjoint relations among conduct problems, substance use, and risky sexual behavior in a unified model.
Drug Alcohol Depend 2010 Oct 01
PMID:A parallel process growth mixture model of conduct problems and substance use with risky sexual behavior. 2055 13

A simple and powerful method has been developed for the rapid and selective determination of Te(IV) and Te(VI), employing dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as permanent modifier. Under acidic conditions pH 1, only Te(IV) can form a complex with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and therefore be extracted into fine droplets of carbon tetrachloride (extraction solvent) which are dispersed with ethanol into the water sample solution. After centrifugation, Te(IV) was determined in the sedimented organic phase while Te(VI) remained in the aqueous phase. Total inorganic tellurium was determined after the reduction of the Te(VI) to Te(IV). Te(VI) was calculated as the difference between the measured total inorganic tellurium and Te(IV) content. The effective parameters for improving the efficiency of microextraction process were investigated by using experimental and central composite designs. Under optimal conditions the enrichment factor was 125 and the calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.015-1 ng mL(-1) with detection limit and characteristic mass of 0.004 ng mL(-1) and 0.033 pg, respectively. The relative standard deviation for 0.5 ng mL(-1) of tellurium measurement was 3.6% (n=6) at ash and atomization temperature, 900 and 2600 degrees C, respectively. The recoveries of spiked Te(IV) and Te(VI) to the environmental water samples were 89.6-101.3% and 96.6-99.1%, respectively. The accuracy is also evaluated by applying the proposed method to certified reference material (NIST SRM 1643e), for which the result was in a good agreement with the certified values reported for this CRM (95% confidence level).
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PMID:Speciation and determination of ultra trace amounts of inorganic tellurium in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 2068 11

A 29-year-old male presented at the emergency department of our hospital in a confused state. He had a history of psychoses and substance abuse. Physical examination revealed hyperventilation and abdominal tenderness. Blood gas analysis in the emergency department using an ABL 725 Radiometer analyser showed a severe metabolic acidosis with massive lactate elevation. Lactate acidosis due to mesenteric ischaemia was suspected. However, toxicology screening demonstrated ethylene glycol intoxication. Treatment with ethanol infusion and acute haemodialysis was started. Repeated laboratory measurements using a clinical chemistry analyser showed minimal plasma lactate elevation. Falsely elevated lactate measurement is a little known phenomenon that can occur in ethylene glycol intoxication and can cause serious delay in diagnosis. Therefore, elevated lactate concentrations measured on intensive care unit and emergency department blood gas analysers should be confirmed by a clinical chemistry analyser in the main laboratory in case of suspected ethylene glycol intoxication.
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PMID:Falsely elevated lactate in severe ethylene glycol intoxication. 2073 30


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