Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine produced by macrophages and monocytes, and has been shown to have cytolytic, cytostatic or growth-stimulatory activity on transformed cells. However, the mechanism of these growth modulating activities of TNF-alpha is unknown. By studying the response of different oncogene-transformed NIH3T3 cells to TNF-alpha, we showed that the oncogene v-abl confers resistance to the cytostatic and cytolytic activities on TNF-alpha compared to the parental NIH3T3 cells. Most interestingly, v-abl expression also resulted in a growth-enhancing response to TNF-alpha at up to the highest dose of 6,400 units/ml. These altered properties were not due to the transformation event itself, since EJ-ras oncogene transformed NIH3T3 cells were more susceptible to TNF-alpha than the parental cells. Moreover, EMT-6, a mouse adenocarcinoma cell line, which responded similarly to NIH3T3 cells, did not show growth-enhancement at high TNF-alpha dosages. Though resistant to the direct cytotoxic activity of TNF-alpha, the v-abl transformed cell line was effectively killed by macrophages, as were the other cell lines. This suggests tumor cell killing by macrophages must involve mechanisms in addition to the secretion of TNF-alpha.
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PMID:V-abl confers resistance and growth advantage to TNF-alpha in NIH3T3 cells. 218 46

Pretreatment of the murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line, EMT-6, with low levels (0.8-1.2 micrograms/ml) of actinomycin D, prior to incubation with a spectrum of cytotoxic cytokines, converted this target from marked resistance to extreme sensitivity. The drug-treated EMT-6 was from 5-50 fold more sensitive to cytokine attack than the widely used actinomycin D-treated murine L-929 target. Drug-induced growth inhibition allowed evaluation solely of the cytolytic effects of these cytokines. Lysis was evaluated after a 16-24 hr incubation by the uptake by viable cells of neutral red or by their reduction of [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. This microcytotoxicity assay should facilitate purification and characterization of cytotoxic cytokines, the purification of their mRNAs in translation systems and the detection of the expression of their encoding genes.
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PMID:A rapid extremely sensitive, quantitative microassay for cytotoxic cytokines. 387 91

The signaling molecules insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the newly described IRS-2 (4PS) molecule are major insulin and interleukin 4 (IL-4)-dependent phosphoproteins. We report here that IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, as well as IL-4, rapidly stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in human peripheral blood T cells, NK cells, and in lymphoid cell lines. In addition, we show that the Janus kinases, JAK1 and JAK3, associate with IRS-1 and IRS-2 in T cells. Coexpression studies demonstrate that these kinases can tyrosine-phosphorylate IRS-2, suggesting a possible mechanism by which cytokine receptors may induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2. We further demonstrate that the p85 subunit of phosphoinositol 3-kinase associates with IRS-1 in response to IL-2 and IL-4 in T cells. Therefore, these data indicate that IRS-1 and IRS-2 may have important roles in T lymphocyte activation not only in response to IL-4, but also in response to IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15.
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PMID:Interleukins 2, 4, 7, and 15 stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in T cells. Potential role of JAK kinases. 749 65

The thymic stromal network is complex and heterogeneous, containing thymic epithelial cells which are thought to play an important role during T-cell development and thymic fibroblasts which role is less defined. We herein present a phenotypic and functional comparison between defined thymic stromal cell populations. We transfected SV40 ori- into fetal and postnatal thymic stromal cell cultures and obtained SV40-immortalized clones of epithelial and fibroblastic nature as demonstrated by expression of intracellular keratin. These various clones were characterized in detail and compared to their untransfected bulk culture counterparts for phenotype, cytokine gene expression and cytokine production. All the different thymic stromal cells examined, constitutively expressed ICAM-1, LFA-3, MHC class I antigens, CD44, and the genes coding for IL-7, SCF and TGF-beta, but not TNF-alpha. After IL-1 stimulation, epithelial cells seemed to produce more GM-CSF than fibroblasts, and that trend was also seen for IL-6 secretion. SV40 cells were also regulated by IFN-gamma which induced MHC class II antigens and inhibited the IL-1 induced GM-CSF production. SV40 cells differed from their untransfected counterparts by an atypical expression of CD40 and lacked constitutive IL-1 alpha gene expression. We isolated clones with distinct properties, 24SV48, a highly proliferative CD34 positive TEC secreting low levels of GM-CSF and lacking constitutive IL-1 alpha and beta gene expression, and CT1SV93, an epithelial clone of postnatal origin with a high IL-1-induced cytokine production. In spite of differences with untransfected bulk cultures, the various SV40 immortalized clones may represent useful tools to further study the human thymic stroma.
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PMID:Untransfected and SV40-transfected fetal and postnatal human thymic stromal cells. Analysis of phenotype, cytokine gene expression and cytokine production. 750 57

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and steel factor induce proliferation of hematopoietic cells through binding to specific, high affinity, cell surface receptors. However, little is known about post-receptor signal transduction pathways. Here we report that an SH2 domain containing protein previously implicated in the activation of p21ras, Shc, is transiently tyrosine phosphorylated in myeloid cells after stimulation with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, or steel factor. Also, Shc was found to be constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in myeloid cell lines made factor independent by expression of p210BCR/ABL. A Shc-associated 140-kDa protein was identified, which was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues transiently after cytokine stimulation and constitutively after expression of p210BCR/ABL. These findings suggest that Shc could play an important role in a signal transduction pathway, which leads to the proliferation of myeloid cells.
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PMID:Shc phosphorylation in myeloid cells is regulated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and steel factor and is constitutively increased by p210BCR/ABL. 750 32

JAK family tyrosine kinases have recently been implicated in intracellular signal transduction by transmembrane cytokine receptors of the interferon (IFN) and hematopoietin receptor families. Using the prolactin (PRL)-dependent rat pre-T cell line Nb2, a PRL receptor-associated, candidate tyrosine kinase of 120-130 kDa was recently characterized (1). In the present work this protein is identified as JAK2, based upon reciprocal anti-JAK2 and anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. JAK2 underwent rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation in response to receptor activation, reaching peak levels within 5 min of exposure to 100 nM PRL at 37 degrees C. In vitro tyrosine kinase assays using either [gamma-32P]ATP and autoradiography or unlabeled ATP combined with anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting, demonstrated that the activity of JAK2 was stimulated by PRL. Phosphoamino acid analysis of JAK2 after in vitro tyrosine kinase assay revealed that the majority of phosphate was incorporated into tyrosine residues. Furthermore, JAK2 was associated with PRL receptors to a comparable extent before and after PRL binding, as demonstrated by anti-receptor immunoprecipitation and subsequent anti-JAK2 immunoblotting. We propose that binding of ligand to the PRL receptor activates preassociated JAK2, and that this enzyme generates the initial signal in the intracellular communication cascade.
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PMID:Activation of receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2 by prolactin. 750 35

Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) has recently been linked to signal transduction by cytokine receptors of the hematopoietin family. We have recently described a 116-kDa tyrosine kinase (p116) present in interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor complexes in human YT cells that showed functional characteristics of a JAK kinase. These included receptor association, rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics in response to ligand, and in vitro autophosphorylating tyrosine kinase activity (Kirken, R. A., Rui, H., Evans, G. A., and Farrar, W. L. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22765-22770). Here we extend these observations by demonstrating structural homologies between IL-2-modulated p116 and prolactin-modulated JAK2 in the rat T cell line Nb2. These include similar net charge as determined by nonequilibrium pH gradient electrofocusing and related primary structure based upon phosphopeptide mapping of V8 protease-digested hyperphosphorylated proteins. This putative JAK kinase underwent marked tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7, lymphoid growth factors that use the common IL-2 receptor gamma-chain, but not in response to prolactin. Furthermore, polyclonal antisera to JAK1, JAK2, or tyrosine kinase 2 did not recognize either rat or human p116. However, we identified the IL-2-modulated p116 as the recently cloned novel leukocyte Janus kinase, L-JAK, using an antiserum to a peptide corresponding to the COOH terminus of human L-JAK.
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PMID:Identification of interleukin-2 receptor-associated tyrosine kinase p116 as novel leukocyte-specific Janus kinase. 751 51

We have previously shown that expression of erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPOR) alone failed to confer EPO responsiveness on the interleukin 2-dependent T-cell line CTLL-2, whereas the introduction of the EPOR into interleukin 3-dependent pro-B-cell lines, such as BAF-B03, allowed the cells to proliferate in response to EPO. Here, we report that additional expression of v-Ki-Ras conferred EPO-dependent growth on CTLL-2 cells expressing the EPOR, with additional formation of a high-affinity EPOR. To investigate possible mechanisms of EPOR downstream signaling induced by v-Ki-Ras expression in these CTLL-2-derived cells, we carried out anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblot analysis of the EPOR complex immunoprecipitated with anti-EPOR antibody from lysates of cells with and without cytokine stimulation, revealing two 160-kDa and 130-kDa phosphotyrosyl proteins. An anti-JAK2 antibody did not react with these proteins, suggesting that they may represent cellular components involved in an EPO-EPOR signaling pathway induced by v-Ki-Ras. Similar phosphotyrosyl proteins were present among Friend erythroleukemia cell lines, in which the Friend virus gp55/EPOR complex on the cell surface constitutively sends signals for cell growth.
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PMID:Activated Ki-Ras complements erythropoietin signaling in CTLL-2 cells, inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of a 160-kDa protein. 752 24

We recently reported that interleukin-3, Steel factor, and erythropoietin all induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and its association with Grb2 in hemopoietic cell lines. We have now further characterized the proteins that become associated with Shc following stimulation with these cytokines and found that, in response to all three, the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of Shc binds to common 145- and 52-kDa proteins which also become tyrosine phosphorylated in response to these growth factors. The 145-kDa protein, which appears, from antiphosphotyrosine blots of two-dimensional O'Farrell gels, to exist in four different phosphorylation states following cytokine stimulation (with isoelectric points ranging from 7.2 to 7.8), does not appear to be immunologically related to the beta subunit of the interleukin-3 receptor, c-Kit, BCR, ABL, JAK1, JAK2, Sos1, eps15, or insulin receptor substrate 1 protein. Silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate gels indicate that the association of the 145-kDa protein with Shc occurs only after cytokine stimulation and that it can bind to the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of Shc in its non-tyrosine-phosphorylated state. The latter finding, in conjunction with the observations that p145 does not bind, in vitro, to the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Shc, that it is not present in anti-Grb2 immunoprecipitates, and that a phosphopeptide which blocks the binding of Shc to the SH2 domain of Grb2 also blocks the binding of Shc to p145, suggests that p145 contains an SH2 domain and competes with Grb2 for the same tyrosine-phosphorylated site on Shc. This implicates p145 as a potential regulator of Ras activity and, perhaps, of other as yet unidentified functions of Shc.
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PMID:Multiple cytokines stimulate the binding of a common 145-kilodalton protein to Shc at the Grb2 recognition site of Shc. 752 59

The mechanisms of the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) clones proliferative advantage over normal clones are currently unknown. They may involve an insensitivity to a negative regulation of a growth factor-independent proliferation. Clonogenic progenitors from CML patient blood or marrow in chronic phase were grown either in the presence or absence of recombinant growth factors. No erythroid colonies were observed in the absence of any cytokine. In contrast, erythroid colonies composed of fully mature hemoglobinized erythroblasts (day 12 burst-forming units-erythroid) were obtained in the presence of Steel factor (SF) alone. Addition of erythropoietin (Epo) to SF either had no effect on the cloning efficiency or increased up to 50% the number of erythroid colonies. No erythroid growth was observed when cultures were stimulated by interleukin-3 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone. Similar erythroid growth in the presence of SF but without Epo was obtained in "serum-free" cultures when purified blood CML CD34+ cells were grown. This growth of erythroid colonies in the absence of Epo was not accounted for by an autocrine stimulation loop by Epo, because neutralizing antibodies against Epo did not inhibit it. This abnormal response to growth factor was specifically observed in the CML clone, as shown by the presence of the BCR-ABL transcript in all of these erythroid colonies. The direct implication of BCR-ABL was further documented (1) by studies of alpha-interferon-treated patients with a chimerism in which the abnormal growth correlates with the presence of the malignant clone and (2) by the use of antisense oligonucleotide against BCR-ABL transcript, which abrogated this abnormal growth. Finally, erythroid growth in the SF presence was greatly diminished by herbimycin A, whereas, at the same concentration, this tyrosine kinase inhibitor had no marked effect on erythroid colony formation in the presence of SF plus Epo on CML or normal marrow cells. This result suggests that the BCR-ABL kinase activity leads directly to this Epo-independent terminal differentiation requiring, however, the presence of SF.
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PMID:Growth of erythroid colonies in chronic myelogenous leukemia is independent of erythropoietin only in the presence of steel factor. 752 39


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