Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombosis are the major cause of ischemic diseases such as heart attack and stroke. ADP, acting via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is an important signal in thrombus formation and involves activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). When platelets from mice lacking the G protein-activated PI3Kgamma isoform were stimulated with ADP, aggregation was impaired. Collagen or thrombin, however, evoked a normal response. ADP stimulation of PI3Kgamma-deficient platelets resulted in decreased PKB/Akt phosphorylation and alpha(IIb)beta(3) fibrinogen receptor activation. These effects did not influence bleeding time but protected PI3Kgamma-null mice from death caused by ADP-induced platelet-dependent thromboembolic vascular occlusion. This result demonstrates an unsuspected, well-defined role for PI3Kgamma downstream of ADP and suggests that pharmacological targeting of PI3Kgamma has a potential use as antithrombotic therapy.
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PMID:Resistance to thromboembolism in PI3Kgamma-deficient mice. 1151 14

Interleukin (IL)-1beta is an important early mediator of inflammation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. We previously reported that a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor elevated basal levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhanced IL-1beta-mediated induction, suggesting that Rac or Rho small G proteins are candidates for antagonism of such induction. In this study, overexpression of constitutively active Rac1 or its dominant negative mutant did not affect IL-1beta induction of iNOS. Alternatively, treatment with Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme, which ADP-ribosylates Rho, was associated with superinduction of iNOS, suggesting an inhibitory role for Rho. IL-1beta activated the three mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase, and p38) and the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. The former two pathways were not associated with IL-1beta-mediated iNOS induction, whereas the latter two appeared to have inhibitory roles in iNOS expression. These data suggest that a broad intracellular signaling response to IL-1beta in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells results in elevated levels of iNOS that is opposed by the geranylgeranylated small G protein Rho as well as the p38 and JAK2 pathways.
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PMID:Signal transduction pathways of IL-1beta-mediated iNOS in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. 1155 85

A regional audit group in genitourinary medicine (GUM) developed a method to assess their practice using peripatetic audit workers. An audit using 2 audit proformas recorded information relating to an agreed selection of standards contained within the national guidelines for the management of uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection. An audit worker (ADP) reviewed patient records of a sample of cases. Nine GUM clinics throughout the Yorkshire region participated in the audit; 489 cases out of a total annual workload of 2358 cases positively diagnosed as uncomplicated chlamydial infection were reviewed. Variations in compliance with the standards for confirmation of test results and the time from diagnosis to treatment were seen. Recording of discussions, advice and contact tracing activity were limited or separated from the main patient record, making assessment of practice difficult. Post-audit meetings of the group led to action on these areas and commitment to re-audit with the same standards and methods.
Int J STD AIDS 2001 Oct
PMID:A multi-district audit against national guidelines for the management of uncomplicated genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. 1156 36

CD38, a surface glycoprotein of unrestricted lineage, is an ectoenzyme (adenosine diphosphate [ADP] ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase) that regulates cytoplasmic calcium. The molecule also performs as a receptor, modulating cell-cell interactions and delivering transmembrane signals, despite showing a structural ineptitude to the scope. CD38 ligation by agonistic monoclonal antibodies induced signals leading to activation of the lytic machinery of natural killer (NK) cells from adults; similar signals could not be reproduced in YT and NKL, 2 CD16(-) human NK-like lines. It was hypothesized that CD38 establishes a functional cooperation with professional signaling molecules of the NK cell surface. The present work answers the question about the molecule exploited by CD38 for signaling in NK cells, using as a model CD16(-) NK lines genetically corrected for CD16 expression. Our results indicate that a functional CD16 molecule is a necessary and sufficient requisite for CD38 to control an activation pathway, which includes calcium fluxes, tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP70 and mitogen-activated protein kinase, secretion of interferon-gamma, and cytotoxic responses. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and cocapping experiments also showed a surface proximity between CD38 and CD16. These results were confirmed by using the NKL cell line, in which CD16(+) and CD16(-) variants were obtained without genetic manipulation. Together, our findings show CD38 to be a unique receptor molecule that cannot signal by itself but whose receptor function is rescued by functional and physical associations with a professional signaling structure that varies according to lineage and environment. This molecule is CD16 in NK cells.
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PMID:Human CD38 and CD16 are functionally dependent and physically associated in natural killer cells. 1189 84

ASAP1 (ADP ribosylation factor [ARF]- GTPase-activating protein [GAP] containing SH3, ANK repeats, and PH domain) is a phospholipid-dependent ARF-GAP that binds to and is phosphorylated by pp60(Src). Using affinity chromatography and yeast two-hybrid interaction screens, we identified ASAP1 as a major binding partner of protein tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed the binding of ASAP1 to FAK is mediated by an interaction between the C-terminal SH3 domain of ASAP1 with the second proline-rich motif in the C-terminal region of FAK. Transient overexpression of wild-type ASAP1 significantly retarded the spreading of REF52 cells plated on fibronectin. In contrast, overexpression of a truncated variant of ASAP1 that failed to bind FAK or a catalytically inactive variant of ASAP1 lacking GAP activity resulted in a less pronounced inhibition of cell spreading. Transient overexpression of wild-type ASAP1 prevented the efficient organization of paxillin and FAK in focal adhesions during cell spreading, while failing to significantly alter vinculin localization and organization. We conclude from these studies that modulation of ARF activity by ASAP1 is important for the regulation of focal adhesion assembly and/or organization by influencing the mechanisms responsible for the recruitment and organization of selected focal adhesion proteins such as paxillin and FAK.
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PMID:The association of ASAP1, an ADP ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein, with focal adhesion kinase contributes to the process of focal adhesion assembly. 1205 76

We have previously shown that the engagement of ICAM-1 on brain endothelial cells (EC) results in the propagation of EC signaling pathways that are necessary for efficient lymphocyte migration across the tight vascular barriers of the brain. Signaling via this receptor alone, however, is unlikely to explain the differential recruitment of leukocytes at different vascular beds. In this study, we investigated the role of EC heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated signaling in supporting transendothelial migration of T lymphocytes. Treatment of brain EC monolayers with pertussis toxin (PTX) resulted in ADP-ribosylation of G-protein alpha subunits and inhibition (>80%) of lymphocyte migration without affecting lymphocyte adhesion. Aortic and high endothelial venule EC treated identically resulted in only partial inhibition of lymphocyte migration (<40%). Expression of ribosylation-resistant (PTX-insensitive) G-protein alpha subunits in brain EC restored their ability to support lymphocyte migration after pretreatment with PTX. Treatment of brain EC with PTX did not inhibit ICAM-1-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, suggesting the effects of PTX in inhibiting EC facilitation of lymphocyte migration are distinct from activation of EC through ICAM-1. We conclude that a heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated signaling pathway in brain EC is essential for efficient transendothelial migration of T lymphocytes into the brain.
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PMID:Lymphocyte trafficking through the blood-brain barrier is dependent on endothelial cell heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. 1215 86

The elucidation of protein kinase signaling networks is challenging due to the large size of the protein kinase superfamily (>500 human kinases). Here we describe a new class of orthogonal triphosphate substrate analogues for the direct labeling of analogue-specific kinase protein targets. These analogues were constructed as derivatives of the Src family kinase inhibitor PP1 and were designed based on the crystal structures of PP1 bound to HCK and N(6)-(benzyl)-ADP bound to c-Src (T338G). 3-Benzylpyrazolopyrimidine triphosphate (3-benzyl-PPTP) proved to be a substrate for a mutant of the MAP kinase p38 (p38-T106G/A157L/L167A). 3-Benzyl-PPTP was preferred by v-Src (T338G) (k(cat)/K(M) = 3.2 x 10(6) min(-)(1) M(-)(1)) over ATP or the previously described ATP analogue, N(6) (benzyl) ATP. For the kinase CDK2 (F80G)/cyclin E, 3-benzyl-PPTP demonstrated catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M) = 2.6 x 10(4) min(-)(1) M(-)(1)) comparable to ATP (k(cat)/K(M) = 5.0 x 10(4) min(-)(1) M(-)(1)) largely due to a significantly better K(M) (6.4 microM vs 530 microM). In kinase protein substrate labeling experiments both 3-benzyl-PPTP and 3-phenyl-PPTP prove to be over 4 times more orthogonal than N(6)-(benzyl)-ATP with respect to the wild-type kinases found in murine spleenocyte cell lysates. These experiments also demonstrate that [gamma-(32)P]-3-benzyl-PPTP is an excellent phosphodonor for labeling the direct protein substrates of CDK2 (F80G)/E in murine spleenocyte cell lysates, even while competing with cellular levels (4 mM) of unlabeled ATP. The fact that this new more highly orthogonal nucleotide is accepted by three widely divergent kinases studied here suggests that it is likely to be generalizable across the entire kinase superfamily.
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PMID:Inhibitor scaffolds as new allele specific kinase substrates. 1237 51

Previous kinetic studies demonstrated that nucleotide-derived conformational changes regulate function in the COOH-terminal Src kinase. We have employed enhanced methods of hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (DXMS) to probe conformational changes on CSK in the absence and presence of nucleotides and thereby provide a structural framework for understanding phosphorylation-driven conformational changes. High quality peptic fragments covering approximately 63% of the entire CSK polypeptide were isolated using DXMS. Time-dependent deuterium incorporation into these probes was monitored to identify short peptide segments that exchange differentially with solvent. Regions expected to lie in loops exchange rapidly, whereas other regions expected to lie in stable secondary structure exchange slowly with solvent implying that CSK adopts a modular structure. The ATP analog, AMPPNP, protects probes in the active site and distal regions in the large and small lobes of the kinase domain, the SH2 domain, and the linker connecting the SH2 and kinase domains. The product ADP protects similar regions of the protein but the extent of protection varies markedly in several crucial areas. These areas correspond to the activation loop and helix G in the kinase domain and several inter-domain regions. These results imply that delivery of the gamma phosphate group of ATP induces unique local and long-range conformational changes in CSK that may influence regulatory motions in the catalytic pathway.
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PMID:Phosphorylation driven motions in the COOH-terminal Src kinase, CSK, revealed through enhanced hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry (DXMS). 1241

We studied whether cell detachment from the matrix, observed during ceramide-induced apoptosis, is secondary to completion of the apoptotic program. CHP-100 neuroepithelioma cells exposed to N-hexanoylsphingosine (C(6)-Cer) underwent detachment from the substrate and apoptosis with slow kinetics. Apoptotic cells were fairly completely recovered in the detached fraction, that, differently from the adherent counterpart, displayed the hallmarks of caspase 3 activation, as well as poly-(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) downregulation. A key role for caspase 3 in apoptosis execution was suggested by the evidence that its selective inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde inhibited cell death. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (targeting not only caspase 3 but also caspases 1, 5, 7, 8 and 9) did not prevent ceramide-induced cell detachment, although apoptosis, caspase 3 processing, PARP cleavage and FAK downregulation were suppressed in floating cells. These results demonstrate that ceramide-induced cell detachment is upstream activation of effector caspases. We discuss the possibility that ceramide-induced cell detachment might be instrumental to apoptosis execution.
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PMID:Ordering ceramide-induced cell detachment and apoptosis in human neuroepithelioma. 1245 17

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), a family of lipid kinases comprising 3 classes with multiple isoforms, have been shown to participate in different phases of platelet signaling. To investigate the roles that enzymes play in platelet function in vivo and determine which isoforms are important for particular signaling events, we analyzed platelet function of gene knockout mice deficient in the p85alpha regulatory subunit of heterodimeric class IA PI3K. The kinase activity of p85alpha-/- platelets was only 5% of the activity of platelets from wild-type littermates. Platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, U46619, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or botrocetin was not defective in p85alpha-/- mice, compared with wild-type animals. In contrast, aggregation induced by collagen and collagen-related peptide (CRP) was partially but readily impaired in p85alpha-/- mice. Both P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding in response to CRP were also decreased to a similar extent in p85alpha-/- platelets. Platelets from p85alpha-/- mice appeared to spread poorly over a CRP-coated surface with intact filopodial protrusions. Significant attenuation of CRP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in known PI3K effectors such as Btk, Tec, PKB/Akt, and phospholipase Cgamma2 were observed with p85alpha-/- platelets, whereas no alteration was noted in upstream molecules of Syk, LAT, and SLP-76. Considered as a whole, these results provide the first genetic evidence that PI3K p85alpha plays a significant role in platelet function, almost exclusively in the glycoprotein (GP) VI/Fc receptor gamma chain complex-mediated signaling pathway.
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PMID:Functional phenotype of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85alpha-null platelets characterized by an impaired response to GP VI stimulation. 1264 57


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