Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated the ability of the weak acids, lactate, succinate, and the monomethylester of succinate, to cause intracellular acidification of EMT-6 and MGH-U1 cells. Each of the three substances caused a decrease of intracellular pH (pHi) when the cell lines were exposed at low extracellular pH (pHe) in the range 6.0-6.5. Only monomethylsuccinate caused intracellular acidification at neutral pHe. The fall in pHi increased with increasing dose of each agent and with decreasing pHe. The pHi recovered to almost normal values after exposure of 30 minutes to 50 mM lactate, but there was little or no recovery of pHi in the presence of succinate or monomethylsuccinate. Succinate and its methylester were toxic to cells at low pHe (less than 6.5), and cell killing increased with exposure time and with dose of the agents used. Lactate did not cause cell death at low pHe, and none of the three substances exhibited any cytotoxicity at neutral pHe. Solid tumors are known to have an acidic microenvironment, and pHe may be particularly low in regions of hypoxia. Succinate and its monomethylester may have the potential to kill cells in acidic regions of tumors and might therefore enhance the effect of radiation.
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PMID:The potential of lactate and succinate to kill nutrient deprived tumor cells by intracellular acidification. 199 88

In this study, the aim was to evaluate the influence on the cardiopulmonary system of muscular contractions of the paralyzed limbs in paraplegia, activated by FES during treatment, and the energy cost of standing and walking while using FES as an orthotic aid. Three traumatic spastic paraplegics were selected for the measurements. At the end of a 6 month training program heart rate and oxygen consumption of the patients were evaluated as follows: at rest; following 30 minutes of FES in the sitting position; following 15 minutes of standing; and during ambulation. Lactic acid level during maximal effort was evaluated as well. The results indicated a low energy cost of FES in the sitting position and during usage of FES as an orthotic device for standing, confirming the beneficial effect of FES for spastic paraplegics. However, effort invested during ambulation by means of FES was found exhaustive and FES is therefore advisable for young subjects mainly.
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PMID:Energy cost and physiological reactions to effort during activation of paraplegics by functional electrical stimulation. 387 80

The effects of altering skin and core temperature by cold exposure and exercise on substrate mobilization and utilization were examined. Six subjects between the ages of 22-27 years rested and exercised in neutral and cold environments to produce 1) a neutral core and neutral skin temperature, 2) a neutral core and cold skin temperature, and 3) a cold core and cold skin temperature. Free fatty acid (FFA), glucose (GL), Lactate (LA), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) concentrations were measured along with heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (R) and oxygen consumption (VO2) after 30, 60, and 90 min of exposure to each condition. FFA, GL, LA, Hb, and Hct concentrations increased significantly during rest when both mean skin temperature (Tsk) and rectal temperature (Tre) were reduced. Plasma FFA concentration was also significantly elevated and R values were reduced during exercise when both Tsk and Tre were lowered compared to exercise in a neutral environment. No significant differences in substrate concentration, hemoconcentration, or R values were observed when Tsk alone was reduced at rest or during exercise. It is concluded that a preferential utilization of fat occurs during exercise in the cold when both Tsk and Tre are reduced compared to exercise in a neutral environment.
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PMID:The effects of rest and exercise in the cold on substrate mobilization and utilization. 715 40

An evaluation of the hand-held portable Lactate Pro Analyser (KDK) was undertaken to assess its accuracy, reliability and versatility. Capillary blood samples were drawn from elite athletes in both laboratory and field settings and analysed in parallel. Accuracy was determined in relation to three other lactate analysers: (1) the ABL 700 Series Acid-Base analyser (n = 172 cases), (2) the Accusport Lactate Meter (n = 118 cases), and (3) the YSI 2300 Stat lactate analyser (n = 22 cases). The level of agreement was determined over the range of 1-18 mM. The repeatability of results between two different Lactate Pro analysers was also determined over the same range. Versatility was assessed in the field, where the Lactate Pro was used with elite athletes under a range of outdoor and indoor testing conditions. The correlations between the Lactate Pro and the ABL 700 Series Acid-Base analyser, YSI 2300 and Accusport were r = 0.98, r = 0.99, r = 0.97. The correlation between the two Lactate Pro analysers on the same sample (n = 96 cases) was r = 0.99. The level of agreement between the Lactate Pro and other analysers was generally less than +/- 2.0 mM over the physiological range of 1.0-18.0 mM (range of mean difference: -0.06 mM to 0.52 mM). The Lactate Pro was easy to operate and successfully completed the sample analysis in 100% of the tests performed. In summary, the Lactate Pro is accurate, reliable and exhibits a high degree of agreement with other lactate analysers.
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PMID:Evaluation of the Lactate Pro blood lactate analyser. 1087 51

Several laboratory studies have demonstrated a performance-enhancing effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementations during endurance sessions of long duration. However, the transferability of these results to real training and competition circumstances has not been conclusively shown. Therefore, we tried to test the influence of graded CHO substitution on substrate utilization and selected physiological parameters under standardized but practically orientated field conditions. Fourteen endurance-trained male subjects [mean (SD): 25 (5) years, 72 (9) kg, .VO(2max) 67 (6) ml.min(-1).kg(-1), individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) 269 (30) W] after a stepwise increasing pre-test had to perform three 4-h endurance rides on their own bicycles with simultaneous spiroergometry: constant workload 70% IAT (monitoring by SRM-System). Before and during exercise, solutions without (0%), with 6% or 12% CHO were administered double-blindly and in randomized order (total volume: 50 ml.kg(-1)). After cessation of exercise, significant differences between 0% and both CHO concentrations were detected for blood glucose (GLU; 75 mg dl(-1) for 0% vs 101 mg dl(-1) for 6% vs 115 mg dl(-1) for 12%; P<0.001) and respiratory exchange ratio (0.84 vs 0.88 vs 0.90; P<0.01; correlation to GLU: r=0.46, P<0.05). Free fatty acids (0.19 vs 0.16 vs 0.10 mmol l(-1)) and glycerol (0.41 vs 0.22 vs 0.12 mmol l(-1)) were significantly different between the endurance trials in a dose-dependent manner (both P<0.001). Lactate concentration ( P=0.42) and heart rate ( P=0.12) had no significant influence from CHO substitution. We conclude that CHO substitution during 4-h endurance training inhibits lipolysis in a dose-dependent manner and enhances aerobic glycolysis. This proves that earlier laboratory findings can be replicated under field conditions using modern portable equipment.
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PMID:Metabolic profile of 4 h cycling in the field with varying amounts of carbohydrate supply. 1252 74

Measurement of lactate levels is important in the care of critically ill adult and pediatric patients. We compared 3 whole blood lactate methods (Radiometer ABL 725, Radiometer Medical A/S, Bronshoj, Denmark; i-STAT, i-STAT, East Windsor, NJ; and Nova Lactate Plus, Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA) with 2 plasma-based methods (Roche Integra, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN; and Vitros, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY). The Vitros LAC slide assay was used as the reference method. Results were compared by least squares regression and Bland-Altmann plots and by comparing concordance within clinically relevant lactate ranges. Correlation between lactate methods was good with slopes between 0.87 and 1.06 and intercepts of 0.9 to 1.8 mg/dL (0.1-0.2 mmol/L) of lactate for all 4 methods compared with the Vitros. At high (>54.1 mg/dL [6 mmol/L]) lactate values, the Radiometer and i-STAT methods reported lower lactate results compared with the Vitros and Integra. The Nova analyzer reported higher lactate results than either the Vitros or Integra. The negative bias in i-STAT and Radiometer results may confound the interpretation of patient condition if multiple methods are used within the same institution.
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PMID:Comparison of lactate values between point-of-care and central laboratory analyzers. 1758 Feb 86

Blood lactate measurements are commonly used in exercising horses to determine the onset of lactate accumulation and in colic patients to assess clinical status and to indicate prognosis. To study the usability of a portable blood lactate meter based on dry chemistry (Lactate Pro), the data from this instrument were compared to data from a laboratory-used lactate meter based on wet chemistry (ABL 605 blood gas analyzer [ABL]). Heparinized blood samples were obtained from horses participating in a jumping experiment (n = 9), from horses cantering at maximal speed on a racetrack (n = 7), and from patients admitted to the Department of Equine Sciences at Utrecht University for severe colic (n = 13). Seventeen of these samples were tested in duplicate on both instruments to determine the repeatability of the measurements. Blood lactate concentrations measured with the Lactate Pro ranged from 0.8-17.6 mmol/liter and with the ABL from 1.0-18.6 mmol/liter. The correlation between lactate concentrations obtained using the Lactate Pro and values from the ABL was 0.90, and the relationship was represented by the following formula: y = 0.90 . x + 0.36, indicating a linear relationship between values produced by the ABL and Lactate Pro. The repeatability for the Lactate Pro was high (0.997), which is comparable to the ABL (0.999).
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PMID:Evaluation of the usefulness of the portable device Lactate Pro for measurement of lactate concentrations in equine whole blood. 1818 16

Three portable blood lactate analysers, Lactate Pro (LP), Lactate Scout (LS) and Lactate Plus (L(+)), were evaluated. Analyser reliability and accuracy was assessed. For reliability, intra- and inter-analyser comparisons demonstrated that the LP (intra-TE = 0.5 mM, inter-TE = 0.4 mM) and L(+) (intra-TE = 0.4, inter-TE = 0.4 mM) displayed greater overall reliability than the LS (intra-TE = 1.0, inter-TE = 0.8 mM). At BLa < 4.0 mM, the LP (intra-TE = 0.1 mM) demonstrated greater reliability than the LS (intra-TE = 0.5 mM) and L(+) (intra-TE = 0.4 mM). At BLa > 8.0 mM, the LP (intra-TE = 0.5 mM, inter-TE = 0.4 mM) and L(+) (intra- and inter-TE = 0.4 mM) displayed greater reliability than the LS (intra-TE = 1.1 mM, inter-TE = 0.9 mM). For accuracy, the L(+) (SEE = 0.6 mM) compared more favourably to the LP than the LS (SEE = 1.1 mM). At BLa approximately 1.0-18.0 mM, the LS produced values that were up to 0.9 mM higher than the LP; the L(+) produced BLa that were within +/-0.1 mM. All portable analysers tended to under-read the ABL 700 analyser. The suitability of the LP and L(+) as accurate analysers is supported by strong correlations (r = 0.91 and r = 0.94) and limits of agreement <or=2.1 mM. This study showed that the LP and L(+), compared well to each other, displayed good reliability and accuracy when compared to a laboratory-based analyser. Although the LS also displayed relatively good reliability, it was not as reliable or accurate as the LP or L(+).
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PMID:Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus. 2014 46

A 29-year-old male presented at the emergency department of our hospital in a confused state. He had a history of psychoses and substance abuse. Physical examination revealed hyperventilation and abdominal tenderness. Blood gas analysis in the emergency department using an ABL 725 Radiometer analyser showed a severe metabolic acidosis with massive lactate elevation. Lactate acidosis due to mesenteric ischaemia was suspected. However, toxicology screening demonstrated ethylene glycol intoxication. Treatment with ethanol infusion and acute haemodialysis was started. Repeated laboratory measurements using a clinical chemistry analyser showed minimal plasma lactate elevation. Falsely elevated lactate measurement is a little known phenomenon that can occur in ethylene glycol intoxication and can cause serious delay in diagnosis. Therefore, elevated lactate concentrations measured on intensive care unit and emergency department blood gas analysers should be confirmed by a clinical chemistry analyser in the main laboratory in case of suspected ethylene glycol intoxication.
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PMID:Falsely elevated lactate in severe ethylene glycol intoxication. 2073 30

Capture myopathy and associated death have been reported with capture and restraint of greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber roseus) and lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor). In chickens (Gallus gallus), blood lactate concentration levels have been used as indicators of muscle damage. Lactate has also been used to predict survival in humans and dogs. The goals of this study were to validate two common methods for measuring lactate (i-STAT and VetTest analyzers) in flamingo plasma by comparing measurements to a reference analyzer; and to correlate blood lactate concentration levels in captured flamingos with the duration and difficulty of capture as a possible indicator of capture myopathy. Twenty-seven banked flamingo plasma samples were run in triplicate on each of the three blood analyzers. Values from the i-STAT analyzer were consistently lower than those from the ABL analyzer, while values from the VetTest were consistently higher than those from the ABL analyzer. However, there was a good level of correlation between all three analyzers. Two of the three analyzers were determined to have acceptable total allowable error levels, calculated at 3.6% for the ABL and 10.7% for the VetTest. For clinical purposes, both the i-STAT and the VetTest analyzers provide adequate evaluation of lactate levels when serial samples are measured on the same analyzer. After validating the assay, 34 captive flamingos were captured for routine examinations. Blood lactate concentration levels were positively correlated with the length of time of the individual capture, but lactate did not increase significantly as capture difficulty increased. Only one animal was considered to have a difficult capture. No flamingos demonstrated clinical signs of capture myopathy during this study. Further research is required to determine if blood lactate concentration is a useful indicator of capture myopathy.
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PMID:Validation of lactate measurement in American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) plasma and correlation with duration and difficulty of capture. 2308 7


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