Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The success of FES exercise programmes for training paraplegic muscles at home depends highly upon the availability of reliable, easy-to-use and inexpensive training equipment. For endurance training, FES bicycle exercisers are well accepted. However, they are not suited for home use due to the high expense of commercially available equipment. This paper describes the development of a FES exercise bicycle for use at home. It consists of a standard bicycle ergometer with minimum modifications. The exerciser can be used by the patient sitting in the wheelchair, and may be used with any two-channel muscle stimulator.
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PMID:A low-cost FES exercise bicycle for training paraplegics at home. 278 68

A percutaneous intramuscular electrode was developed for controlling paralyzed extremities by FES. The electrode was made of a Teflon-coated 19 strand rope wound from ultrafine SUS 316L stainless steel wires and was helically coiled for giving high flexibility. Because of low percentages of electrode failure in the body, stable and reliable FES was achieved for a long time.
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PMID:Development of percutaneous intramuscular electrode for multichannel FES system. 278 78

This paper describes and discusses the employment of EMG pattern analysis to provide upper-motor-neuron paraplegics with patient-responsive control of FES (functional electrical stimulation) for the purpose of walker-supported walking. The system described employs above-lesion surface EMG signals to activate standing and walking functions in a patient-responsive manner. This system has been experimentally applied to paraplegics at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago since early 1982. Below-lesion response-EMG control from the stimulated sites has been added in 1987 to regulate stimuli levels in the face of fatigue. Although transcutaneous FES alone is being employed, the system is applicable in principle also to implantable FES systems.
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PMID:EMG pattern analysis for patient-responsive control of FES in paraplegics for walker-supported walking. 278 79

A model of hemiplegic spasticity based on electromyographical and biomechanical parameters measured during passive muscle stretching is presented. Two components of spasticity can be distinguished--phasic and tonic. This classification depends on the pattern of stretch reflex activity which can be either phasic or tonic as well as on the muscle stretch/tension characteristic. Stretch reflex, as a control loop, is in phasic spasticity characterized by increased sensitivity to velocity of stretching. In tonic spasticity, sensitivity to length of stretching is increased. After the injury, phasic spasticity appears first and invokes monosynaptic reflex pathways. The intensity of tonic spasticity increases with the duration of disability and hence causes changes in muscle fiber biomechanical properties. The model mentioned above has been used to evaluate the effects of FES on spasticity. Hemiplegic patients with implanted peroneal nerve stimulator for gait correction were followed up for one year starting a week before implantation. Long-term use of FES resulted in decrease of tonic spasticity in both ankle joint antagonistic muscle groups. In stimulated tibialis anterior muscle, the phasic type of spasticity increased. To obtain the correlation between changes in spasticity and functional abilities of patients, the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of both muscle groups was also measured. An improvement in voluntary strength was also observed. This can be taken as additional evidence that tonic spasticity is of greater physiological and clinical significance than phasic spasticity. It may be concluded that use of FES can decrease tonic spasticity and, if applied early after the injury, can prevent the appearance of tonic spasticity.
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PMID:FES and spasticity. 278 82

One of the problems which occurs in the development of a control system for functional electrical stimulation of the lower limbs is to detect accurately specific events within the gait cycle. We present a method for the classification of phases of the gait cycle using the artificial intelligence technique of inductive learning. Both the terminology of inductive learning and the algorithm used for the analyses are fully explained. Given a set of examples of sensor data from the gait events that are to be detected, the inductive learning algorithm is able to produce a decision tree (or set of rules) which classify the data using a minimum number of sensors. The nature of the redundancy of the sensor set is examined by progressively removing combinations of sensors and noting the effect on both the size of the decision trees produced and their classification accuracy on 'unseen' testing data. Since the algorithm is able to calculate which sensors are more important (informative), comparisons with the intuitive appreciation of sensor importance of five researchers in the fields were made, revealing that those sensors which appear intuitively most informative may, in fact, provide the least information. Comparison results with the standard statistical classification technique of linear discriminant analysis are also presented, showing the relative simplicity of the inductively derived rules together with their good classification accuracy. In addition to the control of FES, such techniques are also applicable to automatic gait analysis and the construction of expert systems for diagnosis of gait pathologies.
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PMID:Automatic detection of gait events: a case study using inductive learning techniques. 281 49

Ten subjects with neurological lesion levels between T4 and T9 have been evaluated in the laboratory at ORLAU using their orthosis in its mechanical form alone (without FES assist). Initially the oxygen consumption at rest was measured. Then the patients were asked to walk (orthotic gait) at their preferred constant steady speed for a period of 5 minutes. Min. VO2 was measured during the exercise. From these readings the energy cost and consumption of the patients' gait was calculated. Our results show that the ParaWalker allows more efficient walking than do bilateral long leg braces and a paraplegic 3 point gait. It also shows that higher speeds with lower energy cost walking is possible with a different orthotic approach for high or mid thoracic lesion paraplegics. We believe that the energy demands to walk with the ParaWalker are within sustainable limits.
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PMID:Energy cost of paraplegic locomotion with the ORLAU ParaWalker. 292 7

A longitudinal design was employed to test the main and stress-moderating effects of young adolescents' perceived family environment (Family Environment Scales; FES; Moos & Moos, 1981) on their depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. This study was part of a larger longitudinal project (L. Cohen, Burt, & Bjorck, 1987) that demonstrated the significant cross-sectional effects of the young adolescents' controllable and uncontrollable negative events, and the significant longitudinal effects of the former. The present cross-sectional analyses demonstrated the hypothesized main effects of the FES scores; families perceived as cohesive, organized, and expressive were related to positive psychological functioning, whereas families perceived as conflict-ridden and controlling were related to negative functioning. However, in general these effects were nonsignificant in the longitudinal analyses. Although there were a number of significant Negative Events x FES interactions, in no instance did the pattern support the hypothesized stress-buffering role of positive family climate.
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PMID:Perceived family environment as a moderator of young adolescents' life stress adjustment. 336 77

In rehabilitating paraplegic patients the restoration of locomotion is often planned to enable the disabled person to use the wheelchair as little as possible or eventually even to abandon it. This objective is more easily obtained in those with incomplete spinal lesions. Applied with the view of restoring locomotion are various types of orthoses, but in the present paper the authors deal with functional electrical stimulation (hereinafter FES) as a means of restoring locomotion, demonstrating the advantages of FES over the use of classical orthoses. The paper offers an outline of the methodology of FES in spinal neural lesions, discusses the criteria of patient selection, giving indications and contraindications. The authors conclude by stating their belief that this treatment represents a new way of rehabilitating spinal paralysed patients which will sooner or later become part of the routine rehabilitation of paraplegic patients.
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PMID:Functional electrical stimulation as an orthotic means for the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. 387 90

In this study, the aim was to evaluate the influence on the cardiopulmonary system of muscular contractions of the paralyzed limbs in paraplegia, activated by FES during treatment, and the energy cost of standing and walking while using FES as an orthotic aid. Three traumatic spastic paraplegics were selected for the measurements. At the end of a 6 month training program heart rate and oxygen consumption of the patients were evaluated as follows: at rest; following 30 minutes of FES in the sitting position; following 15 minutes of standing; and during ambulation. Lactic acid level during maximal effort was evaluated as well. The results indicated a low energy cost of FES in the sitting position and during usage of FES as an orthotic device for standing, confirming the beneficial effect of FES for spastic paraplegics. However, effort invested during ambulation by means of FES was found exhaustive and FES is therefore advisable for young subjects mainly.
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PMID:Energy cost and physiological reactions to effort during activation of paraplegics by functional electrical stimulation. 387 80

Proto-oncogenes, which represent the cellular progenitors of the transforming genes harbored by acute transforming oncogenic retroviruses, have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. In this report, we have assigned experimentally a subset of proto-oncogenes (SRC, ABL, FES, and FMS-all related to the SRC family) to Chinese hamster chromosomes by Southern filter hybridization analyses of DNAs isolated from both somatic cell hybrids and flow-sorted hamster chromosomes. These results demonstrate that several autosomal linkage groups containing proto-oncogenes originated prior to the radiation and speciation of mammals and have remained remarkably stable for nearly 80 million years.
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PMID:Oncogenes and linkage groups: conservation during mammalian chromosome evolution. 400 99


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