Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Azithromycin is a novel azalide macrolide active against Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. High persistent tissue concentrations allow short courses or even single doses to be considered. Sixty-two patients were studied, 19 received azithromycin 1 g in a single dose, 22 received azithromycin 500 mg in a single dose on day 1 followed by 250 mg once daily for 2 days and 21 received doxycycline 200 mg in a loading dose followed by 100 mg every 12 h for 7 days. Efficacy of these 3 regimens was compared in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Clearance of C. trachomatis from post-treatment cultures was satisfactory with all regimens. Response defined as the absence of symptoms and reduction in polymorphonuclear leucocytes in a Gram stained smear of urethral secretion to less than 5 cells per hpf (x 100 objective) was statistically better for the 3 day regimen of azithromycin than for the other 2 regimens. All treatments were well tolerated. Three days or single doses of azithromycin compared to 7 days of tetracycline (or 10-14 days as is often prescribed) have obvious advantages for patient compliance.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Azithromycin vs doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis. 165 56

The most common pathogens involved in disseminated bacterial infection in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are organisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC). Azithromycin and clarithromycin, a new azalide and macrolide, respectively, are among the most potent monotherapies for MAC bacteraemia, Although many bloodstream isolates demonstrate increased minimum inhibitory concentrations after 4 months of treatment. Current recommended prophylaxis, based on the results of two randomized, double-blind, prospective studies, is rifabutin 300 mg daily for people with AIDS with < 100 CD4 lymphocytes/mm3. In the beige mouse model, we have shown that both azithromycin and clarithromycin prevent MAC bacteraemia following repetitive oral challenge. Clinical trails are now underway to confirm these effects in man; comparative treatments include placebo, rifabutin and an azalide/macrolide plus rifabutin. While combinations might be more effective and reduce the emergence of resistance, the spectre of cytochrome P-450 drug interactions necessitates careful study before combination prophylactic approaches are accepted. Such interactions are associated with rifabutin and some macrolides, although azithromycin may be less problematic in this respect as it appears to have little potential to interact with other antimicrobial agents.
Int J STD AIDS 1996
PMID:Treatment and prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex. 865 24

Prevention of opportunistic infections contributes to improved quality of life and survival in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Agents which are more effective and convenient, less costly, and better tolerated are needed for multiple organism primary prophylaxis. Azithromycin, azalide with high and prolonged intracellular levels, promise to provide to protection against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease in those with advanced AIDS when given weekly. A large trail comparing rifabutin (300 mg daily), a currently approved primary prophylactic agent for MAC, with azithromycin (1200 mg weekly) has been completed and is under analysis. If weekly azithromycin provides equivalent or better protection from disseminated MAC, the cost effectiveness and convenience of MAC prophylaxis may be improved.
Int J STD AIDS 1996
PMID:Azithromycin in the prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in AIDS. 865 26

Pilot studies of the safety and efficacy of 3 drugs thought to have anticryptosporidial activity were carried out to determine whether any of them are suitable for large-scale clinical trials. Open studies of the use of azithromycin, letrazuril and paromomycin in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and confirmed cryptosporidial diarrhoea for at least a month. Azithromycin 500 mg daily was ineffective. Letrazuril 150-200 mg daily was associated with an improvement in symptoms in 40% of patients treated and cessation of excretion of cryptosporidial oocysts in the stool in 70%; however biopsies remained positive. Paromomycin therapy was associated with a complete resolution of diarrhoea in 60% of patients treated and some improvement in symptoms in a further 5% but it did not eliminate the infection. None of the drugs had any major toxicities. Dose escalation studies of azithromycin should be performed. Letrazuril should be further investigated for efficacy in double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Paromomycin appears to result in prolonged symptomatic remission of cryptosporidial diarrhoea, but has no effect on cryptosporidial cholangitis.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Feb
PMID:Pilot studies of azithromycin, letrazuril and paromomycin in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. 906 12

Donovanosis has been ignored for many years until recently. The condition still has a limited geographical distribution. A significant epidemic of donovanosis has been identified in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa where it may be a risk factor for acquiring HIV in men. After a gap of more than 30 years, the organism was cultured by researchers in Durban, South Africa and Darwin, Australia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for donovanosis were developed soon after, most recently using a colorimetric detection system. Similarities between the causative organism, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis and Klebsiella spp. were confirmed. A proposal that the organism be reclassified under the genus Klebsiella has been put forward. Azithromycin has been confirmed as the drug of choice but is yet to be accepted universally because of cost issues. Treatment in patients with significant HIV induced immune deficiency may need to be prolonged. A donovanosis eradication programme is underway amongst the aboriginal community in Australia. Elsewhere, management through current syndromic guidelines for genital ulcers are yet to be validated in areas where donovanosis is endemic. PCR testing should enable further recognition of donovanosis and lead to more concerted efforts in disease control and possible eradication.
Int J STD AIDS 2001 Jul
PMID:Donovanosis: an update. 1271 4

The World Health Organization estimates that at least 12 million people are infected with syphilis in the world. Southeast Asia accounts for 5.8 million; Africa accounts for 3.5 million. There has been controversy in using the two kinds of antibiotics for early syphilis. A systematic review comparing these antibiotics could affect treatment guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of azithromycin vs. penicillin G benzathine for early syphilis and a meta-analysis to compare these two kinds of antibiotics for early syphilis. Four randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria; 476 patients were evaluated for their cure rate. Cure rates were 95.0% (227/239) for azithromycin and 84.0% (199/237) for penicillin G benzathine. After pooling the data, the difference in efficacy was computed. Cure rate (OR=1.37), 95% CI (1.05, 1.77) and the risk difference for cure rate between the two drugs were statistically significant. Although the gastrointestinal adverse effect of azithromycin is five times more than the adverse effect of penicillin G benzathine, the differences are not significant. Azithromycin achieved a higher cure rate than penicillin G benzathine in a long follow-up.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Apr
PMID:Azithromycin vs. benzathine penicillin G for early syphilis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. 1848 37

The case notes of cases of genital chlamydial infection were audited against the UK National Guideline. This was the first web-based and the largest national audit to date, with 193 clinics in all UK Regions contributing data. About half of all cases had no symptoms, with about one-third attending for routine or asymptomatic screens; suggesting significant provision of screening by clinics that might be managed differently to reduce workload. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are now well established for chlamydial detection in UK clinics, with 93% of cases having genital NAATs. Azithromycin is now more commonly used than doxycycline (54% vs. 37%). Of 26 pregnant women, 20 were treated with azithromycin, suggesting that most prescribers treating pregnant women consider that erythromycin is not an adequate alternative to azithromycin. Most women had NAATs obtained from sites recommended by the Guideline, with 93% of women who had genital NAATs having these from the cervix or vulvovaginal area.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Jul
PMID:UK National Audit of chlamydial infection management in sexual health clinics. case notes audit: demography, diagnosis and treatment. 1857 19

There are no evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium-positive genital infection. In a retrospective survey, we analysed the treatment results of patients tested for M. genitalium at Olafia, Unit for Sexual Transmitted Diseases in Oslo. Out of 10,109 patients, 452 had a positive polymerase chain reaction. Between 72% and 100% of patients in the different treatment groups returned for test of cure after four to five weeks. First-line treatment with 1 g single dose azithromycin had a recovery rate of 79%. It was as effective as an extended five-days' course of azithromycin. Ofloxacin 200 mg b.i.d for 10 days cured 56% and moxifloxacin 400 mg o.d. for seven days as either second-, third- or fourth-line treatment after azithromycin or ofloxacin failure cured 100%. Azithromycin 1 g as a single dose seems to be the best choice of treatment for M. genitalium, with moxifloxacin 400 mg x 1 for seven days if treatment fails.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Oct
PMID:Azithromycin and moxifloxacin for microbiological cure of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: an open study. 1882 19

Tumor angiogenesis is essential during lung cancer development and targeting angiogenesis may possess a potential therapeutic value. The present study demonstrates that azithromycin, a Food and Drug Administration-approved antibiotic drug, is a novel tumor angiogenesis inhibitor. Azithromycin inhibits capillary network formation of human lung tumor associated-endothelial cells (HLT-ECs) in vitro and in vivo. It significantly inhibits HLT-EC adhesion and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation of HLT-ECs in a dose-dependent manner without affecting migration. In addition, azithromycin induces apoptosis of HLT-ECs even in the presence of VEGF. Notably, azithromycin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in multiple lung cancer cell lines to a significantly reduced extent compared with in HLT-ECs, suggesting that HLT-ECs are more susceptible to azithromycin treatment. In a lung tumor xenograft model, azithromycin significantly inhibits tumor growth and its anti-tumor activities are achieved by suppressing angiogenesis. Notably, the inhibitory effects of azithromycin on angiogenesis are associated with its ability to suppress VEGF-induced activation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), focal adhesion kinase, and disruption of focal adhesion assembly and actin stress fiber formation in HLT-ECs. The present study identifies that azithromycin targets VEGFR2-mediated focal adhesion and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in HLT-ECs, leading to the suppression of angiogenesis and lung tumor growth.
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PMID:Azithromycin effectively inhibits tumor angiogenesis by suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated signaling pathways in lung cancer. 2869 39

For detection and isolation of Salmonella enterica, 650 meat and tissue samples were processed using Rappaport-Vassiliadis Enrichment broth and Salmonella Chromogenic agar followed by confirmation through specific antisera and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting their Specific Serovar Genomic Regions (SSGRS). Isolates were tested for 15 antibiotics (CRO, AMX, GEN, STR, TET, CHL, CLR, LVX, OFX, GAT, CIP, SXT, AMP, LIN and AZM) according to the disc diffusion method and antimicrobial resistant genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), strA/strB, aadA, aac(3)IV), aadB, sul1, sul2 and sul3, blaCMY-2, blaTEM and blaSHV) using PCR. The overall prevalence of Salmonella enterica was 12%, being higher in markets (15%) as compared to poultry farms (37.2%). The MPN of all positive meat and tissue samples was found 3.6 MPN/gram (0.17-18). A total of 234 isolates were obtained, serovar Typimurium (139) and Enteridits (95) were the most prevalent. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were different in different serovars according to origin of Salmonella isolates. The overall isolates were highly resistant for LIN (93.1%, 218/234) followed by AMX (80%, 187/234), AMP (74.3%, 174/234), TET (64.5%, 151/234) and STR (64.5%, 151/234). Overall, the most common ARG was blaTEM (76%, 178/234), followed by blaSHV (71.7%, 168/234), tet(A) (64%, 151/234) and tet(B) (64%, 150/234), while the least ARG was aadB (7.2%, 17/234). Both Typimurium and Enteridits were tested in the Balb/C mice for pathogenicity. Both Typimurium and Enteridits were found to cause successful colonization, 100% morbidity but Enteriditis were found to cause 33% mortality.
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PMID:Phentotypic, gentotypic antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovars Typimurium and Enteriditis in poultry and poultry products. 3073 77


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