Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In eight male subjects we studied the effect of different core (esophageal, (Tes 34.9--38.4 degrees C) and muscle (Tm 35.1--39.3 degrees C) temperature on 1) physical performance (time to exhaustion at a standard maximal rate of work, WT), 2) aerobic power (VO2), 3) heart rate (HR), and 4) blood lactate (LA) concentration during exhaustive combined arm and leg exercise. In three subjects the effects at different mean skin temperatures (Tsk 27 and 31 degrees C, respectively) were also studied. Peak VO2 was positively correlated to both Tes (r = 0.88) and Tm (r = 0.91). None of the subjects attained control VO2max at Tes and Tm lower than 37.5 and 38.0 degrees C, respectively. HR was correlated to both Tes (r = 0.97) and Tm (r = 0.95). Different Tsk did not affect peak VO2 and HR at subnormal body temperatures. Pulmonary ventilation was independent of Tes and Tm in all experimental situations. LA was significantly higher at Tes 37.5 degrees C compared to both Tes 34.9 and 38.5 degrees C, respectively. At Tes less than 37.5 degrees C and Tm less than 38.0 degrees C, there was a linear reduction in WT (20%.degrees C-1), peak VO2 (5--6%.degrees C-1), and HR (8 beats.min-1.degrees C-1) with lowered Tes and Tm.
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PMID:Physical performance and peak aerobic power at different body temperatures. 46 4

The antistress affect of the substance P1-4 N-terminal fragment (ARG-Pro-Lys-Pro, 100 mkg/kg, i.p.) has been studied on the model of immobilization stress in rats. It was ascertained that the preparation of protective effect is revealed to the greatest extent on the exhaustion stage (48 h of immobilization), which served to prevent the lymphoid organs mass reduction and ulcer development and also accounted for greater adrenaline and noradrenaline content preservation in tissues and chromaffin cells of adrenal glands in stressed animals.
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PMID:[Effect of the N-terminal fragment of substance P1-4 on the somatic manifestations of the stress reaction and on the catecholamine content of the adrenals in rats]. 246 99

A 32-year-old male (Mr. A.), monitored during an 8-d heat acclimation (HA) investigation, unexpectedly exhibited heat intolerance and heat exhaustion. Thirteen other males completed HA without indications of either heat intolerance or heat exhaustion. Because Mr. A. responded normally to HA on days 1-4, the intervention of an unknown host factor on days 5-8 was suggested. Mr. A.'s heat exhaustion episode (day 8) was apparently forewarned by loss of body weight and increased delta HR, delta Tsk (days 5-8) and delta Tre (days 7-8) during daily 90-min trials. His symptoms indicated classical salt depletion heat exhaustion, but the calculated salt deficit (less than 0.1 g NaCl.kg-1 body weight) was mild. Post-heat exhaustion serum enzyme levels were either normal (ALT, AST) or acutely elevated (CPK). Blood beta-endorphin and cortisol levels were six times and two times greater than control values, respectively. This case report is unique because clinical/physiological measurements and blood analyses were performed before, during, and after heat intolerance and heat exhaustion.
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PMID:Heat intolerance, heat exhaustion monitored: a case report. 335 82

To determine the effects of food deprivation on the physical, physiological, and metabolic responses to exercise in the heat, adult, male rats (330-360g, N = 16/group) were food-deprived for 24, 48, or 72 h. They were then exercised (9.14m X min-1) in the heat (35.5 degrees C) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tco approximately 43 degrees C). Food deprivation had no effects on endurance, but ad lib fed controls manifested significantly (p less than 0.05) increased Tco and Tsk during the latter portion of the treadmill interval. While plasma osmolality was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in all groups as a result of the heat/exercise contingency, hematocrit ratios were elevated (p less than 0.01) as a result of 48 and 72 h of food deprivation. Food deprivation resulted in severe hypoglycemia following exercise (p less than 0.01), and these decrements were accompanied by marked (p less than 0.01) reductions in circulating insulin levels. Prolonged food deprivation (48 and 72 h) resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlactacidemia subsequent to exercise. Levels of sodium, potassium, urea nitrogen, and creatine phosphokinase were unaffected by the food deprivation intervals. We have concluded from these studies that while several thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to exercise in the heat can be significantly affected by food deprivation, short-term endurance capacity was unaltered.
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PMID:Food deprivation and exercise in the heat: thermoregulatory and metabolic effects. 389 96

To determine the effects of low-dosage organophosphate administration on exercise in a hot environment, malathion (7.5 mg/day, 4 days) was administered IP to rats, and effected a 35% (p less than 0.01) reduction in plasma cholinesterase levels. Treadmill endurance (9.14 m/min, no incline, 35 degrees C ambient) was unaffected when the animals were exercised to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre approximately 43 degrees C). While rates of heat gain were similar between groups, malathion-treated rats displayed higher Tsk (p less than 0.05) at a number of sampling times during the treadmill run. While creatine phosphokinase levels were unaffected by either cholinesterase inhibition or exercise in the heat, lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased (p less than 0.01) in both groups following hyperthermic exhaustion. Although plasma levels of lactate, potassium, urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly (p less than 0.01) increased as a result of exercise in the heat, these increments were not exacerbated by cholinesterase inhibition. Results generally indicated that at this moderate level cholinesterase inhibition, malathion administration did not adversely affect physiological, physical, or thermoregulatory efficacy.
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PMID:Malathion administration: effects on physiological and physical performance in the heat. 665 21

In continuing our studies on the effects of preinduced hypothermia on the endurance capacities, thermoregulatory responses, and clinical chemical indices of heat injury, 10 mg of 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TG) were administered intravenously to restrained rats kept at 4 degrees C. When rectal temperatures (Tre) fell to 29-30 degrees C, the rats were removed to a hot environment (35 degrees C), where they exercised on a level treadmill (9.14 m/min) to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre = 41.5-43 degrees C). Preinduced hypothermia was effective in significantly (p < 0.001) prolonging the time to hyperthermic exhaustion. In these hypothermic rats, increments in Tre (degree C/min) while on the treadmill were significantly (p < 0.001) increased while rates of skin temperature (Tsk) heating were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced when compared to normothermic controls. Administration of 5-TG effected significant (p < 0.001) hyperglycemia, which returned to control levels following the exhaustive run in the heat. Prolonged endurance times among the hypothermic rats caused slight increases in the levels of circulating plasma indices of heat/exercise injury. We concluded from these studies that hypothermia induced by 5-TG administration and cold exposure is effective in increasing the endurance capacity of rats exercising in the heat. However, homeostatic mechanisms supercede to increase the heating rate, and thus return Tre to equilibrium levels.
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PMID:Hypothermia induced by 5-thio-D-glucose: Effects on treadmill performance in the heat. 741 40

This study examines the effects of demographics, lifestyle, and work characteristics on burnout in EMTs, and then determines the interaction of various EMT risk factors on cardiovascular changes. In phase 1, EMTs voluntarily completed a demographic data sheet and the Masslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The MBI results were broken down into subgroups of Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Achievement (PA); these were then compared to national averages. Subgroup analysis was performed on the basis of sex, race, marital status, years with the service, smoking, and caffeine drinking habits. In phase 2, EMTs carried logbooks for 1 month, during which they recorded preshift and postshift blood pressure and pulse. Other information recorded for each shift was the amount of caffeine and cigarettes used, the number of advanced life support (ALS) and total runs, and whether the shift worked was day or night. Per-shift average caffeine use, average number of ALS and total runs, and average cross-shift changes in MAP (deltaMAP) and P (deltaP) were calculated for each EMT. The deltaMAP and deltaP were compared for discrete variables (sex, race, training levels, smoker v nonsmoker, marital status, and shift worked) and continuous variable (age, years with the service, total runs, ALS runs, and MBI subscale scores). Continuous variables were split into two groups using the median as a separator. Differences were detected at P < .05 by confidence interval analysis. Sixty-nine EMTs enrolled in phase 1. The EMTs scored significantly lower on the PA scale than the national average (28.1 v 34.6). The low PA score was only seen in the subgroup of EMTs with the service longer than 3 years (26.1 v 30.0). Forty EMTs completed phase 2 of the study. There were no significant differences in deltaMAP detected in any subgroup. There was a significant difference in deltaP based on marital status (single, -4.5 v married, 2.6), and age (younger than 32, -4.5 v older than 32, 0.6). There were no other detected deltaP changes. In conclusion, these results showed that PA is lower in our EMTs than in the general population; EMTs with the service longer than 3 years had the lowest values. There were no significant preshift to postshift changes in blood pressure in any subgroup. There was a statistically significant preshift to postshift decrease in pulse in unmarried EMTs and in those younger than 32 years of age. These results indicate little variation in stress between EMTs and the general population and do not indicate a need for more intensive intervention programs for the management of heart rate or pulse.
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PMID:Effect of individual and work characteristics of EMTs on vital sign changes during shiftwork. 890 60

Eight healthy males performed four rides to exhaustion at approximately 70% of their VO2max obtained in a neutral environment. Subjects cycled at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 3.6 +/- 0.3 (SD), 10.5 +/- 0.5, 20.6 +/- 0.2, and 30.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C with a relative humidity of 70 +/- 2% and an air velocity of approximately 0.7 m.s-1. Weighted mean skin temperature (Tsk), rectal temperature (Tre), and heart rate (HR) were recorded at rest, during exercise and at exhaustion. Venous samples were drawn before and during exercise and at exhaustion for determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood metabolites, and serum electrolytes and osmolality. Expired air was collected for calculation of VO2 and R which were used to estimate rates of fuel oxidation. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also obtained. Time to exhaustion was significantly influenced by Ta (P = 0.001): exercise duration was shortest at 30.5 degrees C (51.6 +/- 3.7 min) and longest at 10.5 degrees C (93.5 +/- 6.2 min). Significant effects of Ta were also observed on VE, VO2, R, estimated fuel oxidation, HR, Tre, Tsk, sweat rate, and RPE. This study demonstrates that there is a clear effect of temperature on exercise capacity which appears to follow an inverted U relationship.
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PMID:Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man. 930 37

It has previously been demonstrated that metabolic heat production (M) during cold exposure at rest was related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Consequently, an increase in VO2max could allow an increase M in the cold. The aim of the present study was therefore to test this hypothesis. Eight male volunteers undertook interval training (periods of 25% VO2max of 30-s duration and 110% VO2max of 60-s duration until exhaustion, five times a week over 8 weeks) to increase VO2max. Both before and after this physical training, they were subjected to a 10 degrees, 5 degrees and 1 degrees C 2-h cold air test in a climatic chamber. During the cold exposure, rectal temperature (Tre), tympanic temperature (Tty) mean skin temperature (Tsk) and M were measured as well as the time to onset of shivering (t) and body temperatures (Tre, Try and Tsk) at t. The results showed that physical training involved an increase in VO2max (14%-15%, P < 0.05). During the cold exposure, Tre was higher after training both at 10 degrees, 5 degrees and 1 degree C (P < 0.05) whereas Tty, TSk and M were not significantly changed. However, an increase in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system was attested by a decreased t at higher Tsk. These slight physiological changes found after training were not related to the increases in VO2max. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that interval training induced slight thermoregulatory changes unrelated to changes in VO2max and it suggested that M during cold exposure could be related mainly to the level of VO2max observed before training, since increases in VO2max did not modify M.
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PMID:Thermoregulatory changes in the cold induced by physical training in humans. 980 36

Performance tests are an integral component of assessment for competitive cyclists in practical and research settings. Cycle ergometry is the basis of most of these tests. Most cycle ergometers are stationary devices that measure power while a cyclist pedals against sliding friction (e.g. Monark), electromagnetic braking (e.g. Lode), or air resistance (e.g. Kingcycle). Mobile ergometers (e.g. SRM cranks) allow measurement of power through the drive train of the cyclist's own bike in real or simulated competitions on the road, in a velodrome or in the laboratory. The manufacturers' calibration of all ergometers is questionable; dynamic recalibration with a special rig is therefore desirable for comparison of cyclists tested on different ergometers. For monitoring changes in performance of a cyclist, an ergometer should introduce negligible random error (variation) in its measurements; in this respect, SRM cranks appear to be the best ergometer, but more comparison studies of ergometers are needed. Random error in the cyclist's performance should also be minimised by choice of an appropriate type of test. Tests based on physiological measures (e.g. maximum oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold) and tests requiring self-selection of pace (e.g. constant-duration and constant-distance tests) usually produce random error of at least approximately 2 to 3% in the measure of power output. Random error as low as approximately 1% is possible for measures of power in 'all-out' sprints, incremental tests, constant-power tests to exhaustion and probably also time trials in an indoor velodrome. Measures with such low error might be suitable for tracking the small changes in competitive performance that matter to elite cyclists.
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PMID:Tests of cycling performance. 1242 53


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