Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A survey was conducted in Swaziland between July 6 and September 28, 1973 to obtain information about sexually transmitted diseases. The survey sample was limited to the outpatient department of the government hospital at Mbabane. Patients included were those who reported at the outpatient department with an STD during the 3 month period of the survey and those of their contacts who could be pursuaded to attend and were found to be infected. Of 240 patients seen during the course of the survey, 124 were suffering from presumed gonorrhea, 67 had genital sores, and 23 reported with both. A further 26 had positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) reactions and were assumed to have syphilis with or without some other STD. Of the 26 patients whose VDRL test was positive, 3 had lesions usually associated with primary syphlis and 3 had condylomate lata. The rest were cases of presumed latent syphilis presenting with another infection. With 1 exception cases of urethral discharge in men appeared to be due to gonorrhea. No cases of nonspecific urethritis were seen and the explanation of this is obscure. About 29% of the women and 4% of the men were infested with T. vaginalis. It was not possible to determine the prevalence of venereal diseases, but the evidence collected supported the local impression that these conditions were increasing. The need for a vigorous program of contact tracing is clear from the small proportion of female patients attending the clinic. Only 24% of those with a sexually transmitted disease and only 20% of those with a positive VDRL test were females, whereas in a survey undertaken by staff of the local public health unit in 1967, 54% of those with a positive Wassermann reaction were female. The large number of casual partners admitted by men in the 4 weeks before infection implies that this is a major source of infection. Recommendatons made for improving the situation include: offering education in the schools; developing a universal system for tracing contact for the whole country; and making a vigorous attempt to screen all pregnant women by means of the VDRL test.
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PMID:Some aspects of sexually transmitted disease in Swaziland. 103 69

The prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases were studied in 101 men attending a dermatovenereal outpatient clinic in Mogadishu. A control group of 103 healthy adult men were included for the serological part of the study. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. All sera were tested for syphilis markers. HBV serum markers were detected in 84% of the men in the study group and 66% of the healthy controls (P less than 0.005). Hepatitis B virus carriers were detected more frequently in the study group than among the controls. Also, 96% of the men in both groups had CMV antibodies and all of them had antibodies to HSV. No sera were found to contain HIV antibodies. The TPHA-positivity was 10% and 3% in the study and control groups respectively, and 5% of the patients had syphilis IgM antibodies. Sexual contact with prostitutes was recorded in 54% and 48% respectively of patients and controls, and such contact was correlated with TPHA-positivity in the study group. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected in urogenital specimens of 14% of the men in the study group and gonococcal culture was positive in 53% of those with urethral discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in men in Mogadishu, Somalia. 196 90

Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture gave a positive result in 42 of 64 male adults with purulent urethral discharge. The majority of the infections were acquired outside Libya. Twenty-seven strains (64.3%) were non-penicillinase producing (NPPNG) and 15 (35.7%) were penicillinase producing (PPNG) by starch paper technique. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 5 antibiotics was carried out by agar-plate dilution technique. Twenty-three NPPNG strains (54.8%) were susceptible to penicillin with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml. In 4 strains (9.5%), a high resistance to penicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml) appeared to be chromosomally-mediated (CMRNG). All PPNG strains were resistant to penicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml). While resistance to erythromycin (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml) and tetracycline (MIC greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml) was observed in 5 strains, resistance to kanamycin (MIC 32 micrograms/ml) and spectinomycin (MIC 64 micrograms/ml) was present in only one strain. Whereas no significant differences were recorded in MICs of erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and spectinomycin between NPPNG and PPNG strains, one PPNG strain was found to be resistant in vitro to all 5 antibiotics.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Sep
PMID:Antimicrobial susceptibility of non-penicillinase and penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Tripoli, Libya. 215 9

We studied the current management of STD-related syndromes by urban health facilities in Pikine (Senegal) in 252 consecutive patients presenting with STD-related complaints, to assess the cost and effectiveness of services and to estimate the potential benefit by introducing management protocols. Most common presenting complaints for women were vaginal discharge and low abdominal pain, reported for 122 (82.9%) and 22 (15.0%) of 147 female patients. Urethral discharge and genital ulceration were reported for 80 (76.2%) and for 17 (16.2%) of 105 male patients. The average cost was 4.01 ECU (1 European Currency Unit = 1.2 US$ = 334 Franc CFA) for male patients (ranging from 0.57 to 25.70 ECU) and 12.75 ECU for female patients (ranging from 0.57 to 37.60 ECU). Only 20 of 80 patients with urethral discharge (25%) received effective treatment. Effectiveness was not related to cost of therapy or qualification of staff. Utilization of management protocols improves the quality and accessibility of care for STD, by potentially doubling effectiveness and reducing the costs for patients to 12% of the current level.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Management of STDs and cost of treatment in primary health care centres in Pikine, Senegal. 794 56

Data on HIV risk behavior, condom use, and HIV/AIDS awareness were obtained through a survey and interviews with 200 randomly selected truck drivers, 21 highway prostitutes, and 27 male prostitutes in Delhi and nearby areas during October 1990-December 1990. 302 randomly selected truck drivers were tested for HIV infection; none of the highway prostitutes consented to the HIV antibody test. A survey was again conducted among 100 randomly selected truck drivers in November 1991 and November 1992 to assess the levels of current HIV awareness and risk behavior. The drivers were aged 20-40 years, wayside prostitutes aged 32-40 years, and part-time male prostitutes aged 16-34 years. 60% of the drivers were married with families, as were all of the wayside prostitutes, and none of the male prostitutes. 78% of drivers admitted having multiple heterosexual partners, including prostitutes, and 5% admitted to regular homosexual sexual encounters. Only 20% of the drivers in 1990, however, had heard about HIV/AIDS. 25% of this subgroup was aware that HIV may be transmitted sexually, 28% of promiscuous drivers used condoms regularly, none admitted taking IV drugs, 35% reported histories of either urethral discharge or genital ulcers, and 3 of the 302 men tested were found to be infected with HIV. None of the 21 highway prostitutes had heard about AIDS, although 21 of the 27 male prostitutes had. All highway prostitutes admitted having at least one episode of unprotected sex with their sex partners in the previous fortnight, while all of the male sex workers would allow unprotected sex if their partners desired. Some male prostitutes were also paid blood donors. None of the prostitutes consented to having an HIV antibody test. The authors note that while HIV awareness improved in subsequent years, the practice of safe sex did not. 42% and 56% of the drivers had heard about HIV/AIDS in 1991 and 1992, respectively, but 77% and 68% were nonetheless engaging in occasional unprotected sex. Truck drivers engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners in rural India could be major vectors of HIV infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Long distance truck drivers in India: HIV infection and their possible role in disseminating HIV into rural areas. 803 17

A study of chlamydial infection and its clinical correlates was undertaken collaboratively among french women attending sexually transmitted disease (STD, prenatal, and teen clinics (n = 148). A complete sexual and gynecologic history and pelvic exam was performed on all women. Endocervical and urethral cultures were obtained for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. Reason for visit included suspected STD in 97% of STD, 5% of prenatal and 17% of teen women. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from STD clinic patients only (17%). C. trachomatis was found in 22% of teen, 17% of STD and 2% of prenatal clinic women. C. trachomatis was significantly associated with smoking, a history of urethral discharge in the male partner, and endocervical ectopy > 50% of total cervical surface.
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis: risk factors in women in the Parisian region. Importance of smoking and cervical ectropion]. 851 96

An integrated STD (sexually transmitted disease) and HIV control program is vital to tackling the major public health problem of STDs and HIV/AIDS. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 333 million new STD infections and 15-20 million new HIV infections each year. The two basic principles common to all STD control programs worldwide include prevention of STDs, their complications, and sequelae and the interruption and reduction of their transmission. These principles also apply to bringing about the reduction of the incidence of HIV infection. Primary prevention strategies, which should be accessible to all sexually active adults and youth, include health education and information, education, and communication (IEC). Secondary prevention strategies include promotion of health care seeking behavior, case management of people with an STD, and early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infections through case finding and screening. In developing countries especially, the most realistic and cost effective way to treat STD patients is the syndromic approach. This approach uses algorithms based on common signs and symptoms (e.g., genital ulcer, urethral and vaginal discharge). It can be used either with or in the absence of laboratory support. The two most common causes for genital discharge are syphilis and chancroid, so, given no laboratory support, the health provider would provide treatment for both STDs. The algorithm for urethral discharge is similarly clear cut. That for vaginal discharge is not so discriminating, since this symptom is very common and non-specific with multiple non-sexually acquired etiologies possible. Since most chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are asymptomatic, active case finding, screening, and partner notification are very important in women-focused STD control programs.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases control in developing countries. 869 72

The quality of health care delivery in developing countries has been assessed by many studies using the following methods: direct observation of patient-provider encounters, review of records, exit interviews with clients, interviews with providers, and inventories of facilities, drugs, and supplies. This paper assesses the reliability and validity of the following methods used in a nationwide survey of STD case management conducted in health facilities in Malawi in 1994: the direct observation of provider-patient encounters, interviews with providers, and the use of people who pretend to be patients. The performance of 49 providers was observed. All of the providers were also interviewed and 20 were visited by a simulated patient complaining of urethral discharge. Multiple observations of providers indicated that any given provider does not behave in the same manner with all patients. Simulated-patient data can probably give the most accurate view of a provider's typical performance, but the approach has only limited use in routine quality assessment because the inconsistent nature of providers' behavior would require multiple data points per provider. Direct observation data are the best when measuring quality if the results are thought to be of higher quality than normal care. Data from interviews with providers should be carefully interpreted since they may reflect only provider knowledge and not his or her actual performance.
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PMID:Quality of case management of sexually transmitted diseases: comparison of the methods for assessing the performance of providers. 950 24

The goal of this study was to determine whether a urine two-glass test or a leucocyte esterase (LE) test of first-void urine (FVU) improve the sensitivity or specificity of the World Health Organization (WHO) algorithm for the syndromic management of men with urethritis in southern Thailand. A secondary aim was to determine whether infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was sufficiently common to include treatment for it in a syndromic management protocol. One hundred and twenty-nine men with symptoms of urethritis seen at 2 STD clinics in Songkla Province, Thailand were enrolled. Symptoms and signs of each man were recorded and a urethral swab collected for microscopy and culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A two-glass urine test and an LE test of an FVU specimen were performed. The FVU was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and T. vaginalis. Dysuria was a symptom in 78% of men. A urethral discharge was a symptom in 68% but was evident on examination in 95% of the men. The prevalences of infection were 32.6% for N. gonorrhoeae, 23.3% for C. trachomatis, 1.6% for T. vaginalis and 51.9% for any infection. The sensitivities and specificities of urethral discharge on examination, two-glass test and LE test of FVU as indicators of infection with either or both of N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis were 97% and 8%; 57% and 83%; and 59% and 78% respectively. Combinations of urethral discharge on examination and one of the other indicators were more specific but much less sensitive than the presence of discharge alone. Culture for N. gonorrhoeae was found to be only 43% sensitive compared with an expanded gold standard involving a PCR test. Our analysis demonstrates that neither the two-glass test nor the LE test of FVU were useful in improving on the WHO algorithm for management of men with urethritis. T. vaginalis was not common enough to include in a first-line syndromic management protocol for male urethritis. We recommend that, in southern Thailand, men with symptoms of urethritis in whom a urethral discharge is present on examination be offered immediate treatment for both N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis as per the WHO algorithm.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Apr
PMID:Can a two-glass urine test or leucocyte esterase test of first-void urine improve syndromic management of male urethritis in southern Thailand? 1077 86

The aim of this study was to screen healthy rural and urban Tanzanian men for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea, and determine the prevalence and the predictive value of urethral symptoms, signs and pyuria. In 2 cross-sectional surveys, 796 men were interviewed regarding symptoms and examined for signs of urethritis. Gonorrhoea was detected by culture/gram-stained smears, Chlamydia trachomatis by antigen immunoassay, and pyuria by leukocyte esterase dipstick test. The prevalence of chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and pyuria among rural men was 9.6%, 0.4%, and 12.7%, and among urban bar workers 7.4%, 8.1% and 6.3% respectively. Among all, 0.6% had urethral discharge confirmed by examination, while 2.6% reported urethral discharge and 7.4% dysuria. Among chlamydia-infected men, 59 (89%) of the 66 cases did not have urethritis symptoms or signs. Similarly, 24 (88%) of 28 men with gonorrhoea were asymptomatic. Treatment based on the urethral discharge sign, would have detected only one out of 92 cases with gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia in these populations.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Oct
PMID:Asymptomatic gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection in a population-based and work-site based sample of men in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. 1105 38


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