Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronically immunosuppressed individuals are susceptible to lymphoreticular tumors. Up to 15% of patients with congenital deficiencies such as ataxia=telangiectasia may develop malignancies, mainly high-grade B cell non=Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). AIDS lymphomas are comprised of NHLs including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and primary cerebral lymphomas (PCLs). Almost 3% of all AIDS patients (2824 of 97,258 cases) developed NHL. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a co-factor in AIDS lymphomagenesis has been studied: in 12 cases of 24 AIDS lymphomas EBV by DNA in situ hybridization was found. In an analysis of 6 primary cerebral lymphomas, .5 were positive for EBV DNA by Southern blotting. In Burkitt's lymphoma the characteristic genetic alteration affects the c-myc oncogene. In 1/3 of BL p53 mutations were found but none in the 43 NHLs suggesting that p53 mutations and c-myc activation act synergistically in the pathogenesis of these tumors. Cytotoxic agents dideoxyinosine, dideoxycytosine, and zidovudine may cause secondary neoplasia. 8 of 55 AIDS patients under zidovudine treatment developed high-grade lymphoma 23.8 months subsequently; recently doses were reduced. PCL was found in 21 of 90 patients. A 5.2 months survival was associated with combined treatment with cyclophosphamide, Oncovin (vincristine), methotrexate, etoposide, and cytosine arabinoside compared with 11.3 months with chemotherapy. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) alleviate drug-induced myelotoxicity and zidovudine-induced neutropenia, however, l8 of 11 patients receiving granulocyte-macrophage CSF developed hematological toxicity. Interleukine-2 produced by T-helper cells enhancing tumor cells cytotoxicity has been used in AIDS-associated cryptosporidial diarrhea and in 4 patients with AIDS lymphoma with modest response, but its stimulation of the HIV-infected substrate may increase viral proliferation.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:AIDS lymphomas. 161 63

Sexual activity is the primary method of transmission for several important parasitic diseases and has resulted in a significant prevalence of enteric parasitic infection among male homosexuals. The majority of parasitic sexually transmitted diseases involve protozoan pathogens; however, nematode and arthropod illnesses are also included in this group. Trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common parasitic STD. Infection with this organism typically results in the signs and symptoms of vaginitis. Trichomoniasis can be diagnosed in the office setting by performing a microscopic evaluation of infected vaginal secretions and can be successfully treated with metronidazole. Both pediculosis pubis, caused by the crab louse Pthirus pubis, and scabies, caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei, present with severe pruritus. A papular or vesicular rash and linear burrows seen in the finger webs and genital area are characteristic of scabies. Pediculosis pubis is diagnosed by observing adult lice or their nits in areas that bear coarse hair. The diagnosis of scabies is confirmed by scraping suspicious burrows and viewing the mite or its byproducts under the microscope. Lindane, 1% used in treating scabies, is also very effective for treating pediculosis pubis. Synthetic pyrethrins, also applied as a cream or lotion, are less toxic alternatives for the treatment of either condition. Oral-anal and oral-genital sexual practices predispose male homosexuals to infection with many enteric pathogens, including parasitic protozoans and helminths. The most common of these parasitic infections are amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, and giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia. Both entities may cause acute or chronic diarrhea, as well as other abdominal symptoms. Most gay men with amebiasis are asymptomatic, and invasive disease in this group is extremely rare. Both amebiasis and giardiasis can be diagnosed on the basis of microscopic examination of stool specimens, although duodenal aspiration is occasionally necessary to confirm a diagnosis of giardiasis. Multiple treatment regimens exist for amebiasis. Iodoquinol is a good choice for asymptomatic cyst carriers, whereas the combination of metronidazole plus iodoquinol is used for symptomatic patients. Quinacrine and metronidazole are both efficacious in the treatment of giardiasis.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted parasitic diseases. 201 32

The protozoon Blastocystis hominis may cause episodes of diarrhoea with abdominal pain, tenesmus, fever and eosinophilia. We have observed 5 cases of blastocystosis in male subjects with symptomatic HIV infection. All patients had a complete response to metronidazole. This report confirms that Blastocystis hominis may be responsible for HIV-related diarrhoea.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Blastocystosis: a new disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? 209 90

Following introduction of milk protein formula feedings, a 6-month-old male developed profuse, watery diarrhea progressing to shock, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Reinstitution of enteral feedings with a formula containing hydrolyzed lactalbumin (Travasorb STD) resulted in recurrence of diarrhea with fever. Intestinal and rectal biopsies showed only nonspecific inflammatory changes. He was discharged on an elemental formula (Vivonex). Twenty-three months later, while admitted for evaluation of hypophosphatemic rickets, immunologic testing using the lymphocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) test demonstrated positive reactions, especially to alpha-lactalbumin (56% inhibition) and whole cow's milk (22%, normal of less than 20% inhibition). Skin tests revealed sensitivity to cow's milk and eggs. Soy formula also produced diarrhea and bloody stools. Protein hydrolysate formulas, touted as hypoallergenic diets, are useful in infants with intolerance to milk protein. This is the first documented case of an immunological reaction to the hydrolyzed whey protein, lactalbumin. Although protein hydrolysate formulas are effective treatment in most infants with milk protein intolerance, allergic reactions are possible. Caution and close observation should be exercised in immunologically sensitized infants rechallenged with any formula.
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PMID:Hypersensitivity reaction in an infant fed hydrolyzed lactalbumin contained in a semielemental formula. 177 19

When counselling travellers to overseas countries, attention should be paid not only to the health and safety conditions within the country of destination, but also to the general health of the traveller and to the personal risk he might take on his journey. Rarely, though, a person has to be discouraged from an overseas trip these days because of a constitutional or medical incapacity, a classification of which is given in the article. It is, however, indispensable to give advice on how to avoid exposure for a number of nuisances and diseases, particularly diarrhea, insect-stings and arthropod borne diseases and STD, as well as accidents.
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PMID:[Medical advice for travellers]. 226 18

The small intestine is a common site of involvement in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although there are numerous mechanisms by which small intestinal disease may occur in HIV infected patients, the resulting clinical manifestations of these disorders are remarkably similar and include the development of diarrhoea, weight loss and nutrient deficiencies. In fact, the original designation of AIDS in African countries as the 'slim disease' underlines the importance of small intestinal involvement (most likely secondary to parasitic infections) which commonly occurs in Third World Countries. The current review will provide a clinically oriented overview of small intestinal disease in patients infected with HIV. Because specific data on treatment of small intestinal diseases in AIDS is often lacking, some presented information is based on the author's experience and opinions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Small intestinal manifestations of HIV infection. 764 15

Anorectal lesions are uncommon in patients infected by the HIV virus (13%, 1 female and 15 males in our personal series). Certain neoplastic lesions are specific and must suggest the possibility of AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma and, in young subjects, intra-epithelial dysplasias, carcinomas in situ or squamous cell of the anus. Other lesions encountered in proctology should also raise the suspicion of HIV infection: anorectal lesions of STD including florid papillomatosis, most frequently (25%) in its severe and recurrent form, extensive herpetic lesions refractory to the usual treatments, Cytomegalovirus ulcers. The clinical history, specifying sexual habits, a history of drug abuse and looking for the presence of chronic diarrhoea, and a complete clinical examination looking for lymphadenopathy are important elements to be considered in favour of the diagnosis. Apart from painful emergencies requiring an immediate surgical procedure, the therapeutic of the patient's general state, the stage of the disease and the expected benefit for the patient's comfort.
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PMID:[AIDS and anorectal pathology]. 766 94

The ability to colonize the small intestine is essential for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to cause diarrhea. Several colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and putative colonization factors (PCFs) have been described for ETEC. However, there are still many ETEC strains isolated from patients with diarrhea which do not possess any of these antigens. To identify CFAs in ETEC lacking the above-mentioned antigens, we exploited the ability of ETEC to adhere to tissue-cultured cells from an enterocyte-like cell line, Caco-2. An ETEC strain producing heat-labile toxin and heat-stable toxin of serotype O20:K27:H- (ARG-2) that was isolated from a child with diarrhea in Argentina and bound to Caco-2 cells was studied in further detail. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analyses of this strain revealed a band of 25 kDa when bacteria were grown at 37 degrees C that was missing when the same strain was cultured at 20 degrees C. Furthermore, electron microscopy examination revealed the presence of fimbriae on the surfaces of cells of this strain when cells were grown at 37 degrees C but not at 20 degrees C. Rabbit antiserum raised against purified fimbriae reacted with the 25-kDa protein in immunoblotting and bound specifically to the fimbriae, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy. The presence of fimbriae, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and the 25-kDa band seen in the SDS-PAGE were all simultaneously lost by single-insertion mutations. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein subunit of the fimbriae showed no relation with those of the known colonization factors of ETEC. Furthermore, the fimbriae of the ARG-2 strain did not cross-react immunologically with any of the previously described adhesive factors in human ETEC when specific antisera against colonization factor antigens and putative colonization factors were used. Moreover, a specific antiserum raised against the fimbriae in ARG-2 did not react with ETEC carrying known colonization factors. We propose to name these new fimbriae PCFO20.
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PMID:A new fimbrial putative colonization factor, PCFO20, in human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. 790 Nov 65

International travels are increasingly frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner will review several vaccinations.e Tetanus and poliomyelitis vaccines should be administered once every ten years. It will often be useful to give a protection against hepatitis A, and less often, against typhoid fever. The yellow fever vaccine, which may be required or recommended to visit several African and South American countries, is injected only by officially recognised centres. For some travels, vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, rarely, against rabies may be considered. The vaccine against cholera will never be administered, due to its lack of efficacy and high frequency of side effects. Travellers diarrhoea will be discussed, and a "pocket" treatment prescribed. Finally, general information will be provided, including those on STD.
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PMID:[Vaccinations and useful advice for travelers]. 793 82

Anorectal lesions in patients carrying the HIV virus are uncommon (13%, in our personal life, 1 women/15 men). The following raise the possibility of AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma, non Hodgkin's lymphoma and also with the young patients, intraepithelial dysplasia, in situ carcinoma or squamous carcinoma of the anus. Other anorectal lesions encountered in proctology, should lead to suspicion of HIV infection: anal involvement in STD, florid papillomatosis, the most frequent lesion in his serious form which recur on a interminable bases, extensive and chronic herpes, lesions refractory to standard treatment, megalovirus and ulcers. Date by history indicating sexual habits, toxicomania as well as the existence of chronic diarrhea and full physical examination scoking enlarged lymph nodes are all factors to be taken into consideration in support of the diagnosis. Apart from painful emergencies justifying immediate surgery, indications for surgery should be weighed in terms of the patient's general condition, the stage of advancement of the disease and expected benefit in terms of patient comfort.
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PMID:[Update of anal-perineal and rectal lesions observed in AIDS]. 801 11


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