Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Screening of semen donors. 154 60

The following topics are reviewed: condom use, attitudes toward condoms, reasons for failure to use condoms, personality and attitudes toward condoms, attitudes toward condoms and behavior, and changing attitudes toward condoms. The use of condoms varies across cultures. Prevention which emphasizes group subjective norms, personality, and interpersonal and situational barriers may influence condom use; intervention studies have not yet fully tested this hypothesis, however. What is known is that attitudes and use of condoms can be changed. Negative attitudes toward condom use include the perception of impaired pleasure, lack of availability at the appropriate time, coitus interruptus, and unnaturalness or unreliability. Positive perceptions may counterbalance the negative attitudes. In several military studies, it was found that lack of availability, perceived lack of risk, and influence of alcohol were the major reasons for failure to use. In many studies the reduction of pleasure is a dominant theme. Pharmacies were the preferred place of purchase. Among college students, condoms were viewed as minimizing a health risk but associated use with there being something wrong with their partner. A Dutch study found a reduced belief in the efficacy of condoms as a contraceptive but increased trust in the protection against AIDS. In a pre- and posttest of attitudes toward condom use among heterosexual couples, the findings were that attitudes could be modified and that information needs to relate to the context of sexual activity and sensorimotor arousal. The condom film with sexually explicit activity and instructions on condom placement was successful in generating a significant increase in positive attitudes toward condoms. Examining link between attitudes and behavior, however, is a necessary next step.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Attitudes toward condoms and condom use: a review. 154 61


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Intervention strategies for the prevention of STD and HIV. 154 62

A total of 24 cases of recalcitrant trichomoniasis were reported from 18 centres widely scattered throughout the UK. Most cases had received numerous courses of unsuccessful treatment. Nine (75%) of 12 tested isolates had a decreased susceptibility to metronidazole. Local laboratories were often unable to evaluate fully trichomonal isolates and it is recommended that consideration be given to the establishment of a national reference laboratory. Although there were no universal cures, successful alternatives to conventional treatments are detailed.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:An investigation, by questionnaire, of cases of recalcitrant vaginal trichomoniasis seen in genitourinary medicine clinics in the United Kingdom. British Co-operative Clinical Group. 154 63

One hundred heterosexual women presenting at our clinic in 1979 with anogenital warts, were reviewed 10 years later. Median duration of warts following initial clinic attendance was 2 months (range 0-120 months). In 1979 cervical PAP smear results were available for 76 patients; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was seen in 15/76 (19.7%) women; 3 (4%) women had low grade CIN, 12 (15.7%) women had high grade CIN. Nineteen women had had treatment for CIN between 1979 and 1989, 7 laser ablation, 9 cone biopsy, 2 laser ablation and cone biopsy, and one woman laser ablation, cauterization and cone biopsy. At 10-year follow-up in 1989 4/100 women had anogenital warts, 12/100 women had cytological evidence of CIN (7 low grade, 5 high grade), and 37/100 women had CIN detected on colposcopic biopsy (31 low grade, 6 high grade). No women developed invasive cervical carcinoma during the study period. CIN lesions, detected in 1979, regressed without any treatment in 2 women. Colposcopic biopsy was 3.1 times more sensitive than single cervical PAP smear at detecting CIN (4.4 times as sensitive in detecting low grade CIN; 1.2 times as sensitive in detecting high grade CIN). In 1989 CIN was detected in 7/19 (36.8%) of women who had undergone cervical treatment between 1979 and 1989, and in 35/81 (43.2%) of women having no cervical treatment within this period (chi squared P greater than 0.5). These findings suggest that cervical laser ablative therapy and cone biopsy do not in the long term influence the natural history of cervical human papilloma virus-associated disease (CIN) in women with anogenital warts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Ten year follow-up study of women presenting to a genitourinary medicine clinic with anogenital warts. 154 64

One-hundred and twenty-nine pregnant women in labour (age range 15-46 years; median age 23) and 42 infants born to chlamydia-positive mothers (age range 5-15 days; median age 10) were investigated to estimate the prevalence and incidence, respectively, of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in San Salvador, El Salvador. Urethral and cervical samples were obtained from all women and conjunctival specimens were taken from both eyes of each child. The chlamydial antigen was detected with the commercial Pharmacia Chlamydia EIA kit. Direct immunofluorescence (DFA) (Syva MicroTrak) was used for confirmation. In the newborns both EIA and DFA tests on direct preparations from ocular smears were performed on all the samples. The prevalence of chlamydial infection in pregnant women was 44% (57/129). The incidence of chlamydial infection in neonates was 64% (27/42), and the majority of the infected children (56%) had conjunctivitis. Referring to individuals rather than specimens the sensitivity of EIA tests on conjunctival samples from the infants was low (37%) as compared with 91% on urethral and cervical specimens from the pregnant women.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in El Salvador. I. Infection during pregnancy and perinatal transmission. 154 65

A retrospective analysis of all culture-positive cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV positive individuals, over a 5 year period, revealed 18 cases, drawn from a population of approximately 1500. The prevalence of culture proven M. tuberculosis over the 5 year period was therefore 1.2% and was strongly associated with either a concomitant, or a subsequent, AIDS diagnosis. Sixty-one per cent had pulmonary tuberculosis, 17% had both extra-pulmonary and pulmonary infection and 22% had extra-pulmonary infection alone. Although a wide range of radiological abnormalities was seen, segmental consolidation was the commonest, occurring in 57% of cases. Only 55% of the specimens were positive on initial stains for M. tuberculosis, with a mean duration of 4 weeks to become culture positive, emphasizing that early diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Tuberculosis in HIV seropositive individuals--a retrospective analysis. 154 66


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Interferon: current and future clinical uses in infectious disease practice. 154 67

A single dose of ciprofloxacin, 250 mg by mouth, was used in an open study to treat pharyngeal or rectal gonorrhoea or both in 64 patients (32 men and 32 women). The study also included 151 men with urethral gonorrhoea and 53 women with cervical or urethral gonorrhoea. Ciprofloxacin cured 63 (98%) patients with pharyngeal or rectal gonorrhoea (including 5 patients with penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae; PPNG), 147 (97%) men with urethral gonorrhoea (including 8 with PPNG) and 52 (98%) women with cervical or urethral gonorrhoea. All the isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were sensitive to 0.03 mg/l of ciprofloxacin. Five of the 6 patients with treatment failure were subsequently cured by a single oral dose of ciprofloxacin 250 mg. None of the patients reported an adverse reaction. Ciprofloxacin 250 mg as a single oral dose is effective and safe in treating patients with pharyngeal or rectal gonorrhoea, including those with PPNG strains.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Single-dose therapy of anogenital and pharyngeal gonorrhoea with ciprofloxacin. 139 Oct 71

The physician of an orphanage in Afgoye, 30 km from Mogadishu, Somalia, noticed vaginal discharge in 95 of the 500 girls at the orphanage in September 1987. A Somali-Italian investigative team took vaginal specimens from the 95 girls. Laboratory personnel isolated Neisseria gonorrhoea in 56% of the 95 6-14 year old females (53) who all lived in 2 adjacent dormitories. They found that all the bacterial isolates were of the N. gonorrhoea WI serogroup and Aedih serovar. The physician prescribed penicillin treatment for all the girls. Contact tracing revealed that a male guardian was the source of gonorrhea. Some children had already accused him of sexually abusing them. Orphanage officials had transferred him 1 week before the arrival of the investigative team. His room had been very near to the 2 dormitories for only a few weeks before the investigative team arrived. In this short time, his sexual abuse effected this cluster of infections. This supports the present theory of gonorrhea epidemiology that a core group of infectious people are most likely responsible for most, if not all, of the continuing endemicity of gonorrhea. The infection rate was in range of the estimated probability of transmission (50-70%) during sexual intercourse from an infectious male to a female. The results showed that high resolution typing of gonococci has in addition to its scientific value a more practical value; forensic medicine and illustration that gonorrhea consists of smaller microepidemics.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:An epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Somali orphanage. 154 69


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