Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

When used in an air medical setting, medical equipment designed for use in hospitals can fail from the stresses of in-flight use, or they interfere with critical rotor-wing aircraft systems. From January 1989 to June 1992, 34 medical devices, including monitor/defibrillators, infusion pumps, vital-signs monitors, ventilators and infant transport incubators, were tested under extreme conditions of temperature, humidity, altitude and vibration (MIL-STD 810D). Electromagnetic emissions and susceptibility were measured (MIL-STD 461C and 462), and human factors were evaluated. The devices were flight tested in a UH-60 MEDEVAC helicopter. Thirty-two percent of the medical devices failed at least one environmental test, and 91% of the devices failed to meet electromagnetic interference standards. Failures included excess conducted and radiated emissions and susceptibility to radiated emissions. Five (15%) of the devices were judged unsuitable for use in the UH-60 MEDEVAC helicopter. Testing is critical to discover the ability of a medical device to perform in the harsh rotor-wing MEDEVAC environment. Failure of a device or interference with aircraft systems can result in loss of a patient or aircrew.
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PMID:Laboratory and flight tests of medical equipment for use in U.S. Army Medevac helicopters. 1012 60

Adhesion of fibroblasts to extracellular matrices via integrin receptors is accompanied by extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements and intracellular signaling events. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases has been implicated in several integrin-mediated events including focal adhesion formation, cell spreading, cell migration, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. However, the mechanism by which PKC regulates integrin function is not known. To characterize the role of PKC family kinases in mediating integrin-induced signaling, we monitored the effects of PKC inhibition on fibronectin-induced signaling events in Cos7 cells using pharmacological and genetic approaches. We found that inhibition of classical and novel isoforms of PKC by down-regulation with 12-0-tetradeconoyl-phorbol-13-acetate or overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of PKC significantly reduced extracellular regulated kinase 2 (Erk2) activation by fibronectin receptors in Cos7 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of constitutively active PKCalpha, PKCdelta, or PKCepsilon was sufficient to rescue 12-0-tetradeconoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-mediated down-regulation of Erk2 activation, and all three of these PKC isoforms were activated following adhesion. PKC was required for maximal activation of mitogen-activated kinase kinase 1, Raf-1, and Ras, tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, and Shc association with Grb2. PKC inhibition does not appear to have a generalized effect on integrin signaling, because it does not block integrin-induced focal adhesion kinase or paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that PKC activity enhances Erk2 activation in response to fibronectin by stimulating the Erk/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway at an early step upstream of Shc.
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PMID:Protein kinase C regulates integrin-induced activation of the extracellular regulated kinase pathway upstream of Shc. 1018 52

The pathway involving Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) plays an important role in differentiation and proliferation of cells initiated by receptor activation. In the present study we identified the JAK and STAT proteins activated by C5b-9 in human aortic endothelial cells (AEC). JAK1 but not JAK2 was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to sublytic C5b-9. STAT3 was rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated also by C5b-9. Pertussis toxin inhibited the C5b-9 induced JAK1 activation. However, phosphorylation of STAT3 was not inhibited by Pertussis toxin, although C5b-9 induced a time-dependent nuclear translocation of STAT3. These observations indicated that JAK1 is phosphorylated by C5b-9 through activation of trimeric G proteins of the Gi/Go family. Raf-1 and ERK1 were also activated by C5b-9 in human AEC in a G protein dependent manner. Therefore, JAK1 activity may be involved in activation of Raf-1 and ERK1 via G proteins activated by C5b-9. This study demonstrates the ability of membrane-inserted C5b-9 to activate JAK1 and STAT3 proteins, thus defining new signalling pathway by which C5b-9 may regulate gene activation.
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PMID:Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Janus kinase 1 and STAT3 by sublytic C5b-9 complement complex in aortic endothelial cells. 1040 79

The Drosophila insulin receptor (INR) homolog includes an extension of approximately 400 amino acids at the carboxyl-terminal end of its beta subunit containing several tyrosine-based motifs known to mediate interactions with signaling proteins. In order to explore the role of this extension in INR function, mammalian expression vectors encoding either the complete INR beta subunit (beta-Myc) or the INR beta subunit without the carboxyl-terminal extension (betaDelta) were constructed, and the membrane-bound beta subunits were expressed in 293 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in the absence of the ligand-binding alpha subunits. beta-Myc and betaDelta proteins were constitutively active tyrosine kinases of 180 and 102 kDa, respectively. INR beta-Myc co-immunoprecipitated a phosphoprotein of 170 kDa identified as insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), whereas INR betaDelta did not, suggesting that the site of interaction was within the carboxyl-terminal extension. IRS-1 was phosphorylated on tyrosine to a much greater extent in cells expressing INR beta-Myc than in parental or INR betaDelta cells. Despite this, a variety of PTB or SH2 domain-containing signaling proteins, including IRS-2, mSos-1, Shc, p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, SHP-2, Raf-1, and JAK2, were not associated with the INR beta-Myc.IRS-1 complex. Overexpression of INR beta-Myc and betaDelta kinases conferred an equivalent increase in cell proliferation in both 293 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, indicating that this growth response is independent of the carboxyl-terminal extension. However, INR beta-Myc-expressing cells exhibited enhanced survival relative to parental and betaDelta cells, suggesting that the carboxyl-terminal extension, through its interaction with IRS-1, plays a role in the regulation of cell death.
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PMID:The carboxyl terminal extension of the Drosophila insulin receptor homologue binds IRS-1 and influences cell survival. 1045 77

Several microbes were isolated from the contaminated fuel-oil in Taiwan and the microbial corrosion of aluminum alloy A356-T6 was tested by MIL-STD-810E test method. Penicillium sp. AM-F5 and Cladosporium resinac ATCC 22712 had significant adsorption and pitting on the surface of aluminum alloy, Pseudomonas acruginosa AM-B5 had weak adsorption and some precipitation in the bottom, and Candida sp. AM-Y1 had the less adsorption and few cavities formation on the surface. pH of the aqueous phase decreased 0.3 to 0.7 unit for 4 months of incubation. The corrosion of aluminum alloy was very significant in the cultures of Penicillium sp. AM-F2, Penicillium sp. AM-F5 and C. resinac ATCC 22712. The major metabolites in the aqueous phase with the inoculation of C. resinac were citric acid and oxalic acid, while succinic acid and fumaric acid were the minors.
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PMID:Microbial corrosion of aluminum alloy. 1059 1

In mouse C3H 10T1/2 cells, we previously reported that TGF-beta1 first delays and later potentiates EGF-induced DNA synthesis corresponding to an inhibition of EGF-induced cyclin D1 expression at t = 13 h. We report here that in accord with DNA synthesis kinetics, TGF-beta1 initially suppresses EGF-induced cyclin D1 expression then later releases the inhibition. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 also first decreases and later potentiates the levels of EGF-activated MEK1/MAPK and PKB, indicating the existence of cross talk between TGF-beta 1- and EGF-activated signal transduction pathways. PD98059, the specific inhibitor of MEK1, significantly blocks EGF-induced DNA synthesis, whereas wortmannin, the PI3K inhibitor, exerts a modest inhibitory effect, which suggests that the activation of MEK1-MAPK pathway plays a major role in EGF-induced DNA synthesis and the activation of PI3K-PKB pathway plays a minor role. Upon examination of mechanisms underlying the cross talk, it was discovered that application of TGF-beta1 triggers a rapid association between Raf-1 and catalytic subunits of PKA, which are reported to be able to inactivate Raf-1 upon activation. Therefore, TGF-beta1 may activate PKA to inhibit the EGF-activated MEK1-MAPK pathway. The wortmannin-sensitive phosphorylation at the thr(389) site is necessary for activation of p70s6K, an important kinase involved in mitogen-stimulated protein synthesis. Although we found that EGF-stimulated p70s6K phosphorylates through a MAPK-dependent and a MAPK-independent (wortmannin-sensitive) pathway, TGF-beta1 failed to block EGF-triggered phosphorylation of p70s6K at thr(389) and thr(421)/ser(424) sites, implying that PKB inhibition by TGF-beta1 may result from inhibition of PDK1 activity instead of inhibition of PI3K activity. These data also suggest that TGF-beta1 may selectively perturb certain EGF-activated MAPK pools.
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PMID:Perturbation of EGF-activated MEK1 and PKB signal pathways by TGF-beta1 correlates with perturbation of EGF-induced cyclin D1 and DNA synthesis by TGF-beta1 in C3H 10T1/2 cells. 1094 24

Interaction of GH with the cell-surface GH receptor (GHR) causes activation of the GHR-associated tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and consequent triggering of signaling cascades including the STAT, Ras/Raf/MEK1/MAP kinase, and insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1)/PI3kinase pathways. We previously showed that IRS- and GHR-deficient 32D cells that stably express the rabbit GHR and rat IRS-1 (32D-rbGHR-IRS-1) exhibited markedly enhanced GH-induced proliferation and MAP kinase (ERK1 and ERK2) activation compared with cells expressing only the GHR (32D-rbGHR). We now examine biochemical mechanism(s) by which IRS-1 augments GH-induced MAP kinase activation. Time-course experiments revealed a similarly transient (maximal at 15 min) GH-induced ERK1 and ERK2 activation in both 32D-rbGHR and 32D-rbGHR-IRS-1 cells, but, consistent with our prior findings, substantially greater activation was seen in the IRS-1-containing cells. In both cells, GH-induced MAP kinase activation was markedly blunted by the MEK1 inhibitor, PD98059, but not by the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. Interestingly, pretreatment with the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin (EC50 approximately 10 nM), significantly reduced GH-induced MAP kinase activation in both 32D-rbGHR and 32D-rbGHR-IRS-1 cells. This same pattern in both cells of IRS-1-dependent augmentation and IRS-1-independent wortmannin sensitivity was also observed for GH-induced activation of Akt and MEK1 (using state-specific antibody blotting for both), despite the lack of difference in GHR, JAK2, SHP-2, p85, Akt, Ras, Raf-1, MEK1, ERK1, or ERK2 abundance between the two cells. A different PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 (50 microM), substantially inhibited (roughly 72%) GH-induced MAP kinase activation in 32D-rbGHR-IRS-1 cells, but only marginally (and statistically insignificantly) inhibited GH-induced MAP kinase activation in 32D-rbGHR cells. Because GH-induced Akt activation was completely inhibited in both cells by the same concentration of LY294002, these findings indicate that the wortmannin sensitivity of both the IRS-1-independent and -dependent GH-induced MAP kinase activation may reflect the activity of another wortmannin-sensitive target(s) in addition to PI3K in mediation of GH-induced MAP kinase activation in these cells. Notably, GH-induced STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, unlike Akt or MAPK activation, did not differ between the cells. Finally, while GH promoted accumulation of activated Ras in both cells, both basal and GH-induced activated Ras levels were greater in cells expressing IRS-1 than in 32D-rbGHR cells. These data indicate that while GH induces tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 and activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK1/MAPK and PI3K pathways, IRS-1 expression augments the latter two more than the former.
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PMID:Insulin receptor substrate-1-mediated enhancement of growth hormone-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. 1096 5

Interferons (IFNs) regulate the expression of a number of cellular genes by activating the JAK-STAT pathway. We have recently discovered that CCAAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) induces gene transcription through a novel IFN response element called the gamma-IFN-activated transcriptional element (Roy, S. K., Wachira, S. J., Weihua, X., Hu, J., and Kalvakolanu, D. V. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12626-12632. Here, we describe a new IFN-gamma-stimulated pathway that operates C/EBP-beta-regulated gene expression independent of JAK1. We show that ERKs are activated by IFN-gamma to stimulate C/EBP-beta-dependent expression. Sustained ERK activation directly correlated with C/EBP-beta-dependent gene expression in response to IFN-gamma. Mutant MKK1, its inhibitors, and mutant ERK suppressed IFN-gamma-stimulated gene induction through the gamma-IFN-activated transcriptional element. Ras and Raf activation was not required for this process. Furthermore, Raf-1 phosphorylation negatively correlated with its activity. Interestingly, C/EBP-beta-induced gene expression required STAT1, but not JAK1. A C/EBP-beta mutant lacking the ERK phosphorylation site failed to promote IFN-stimulated gene expression. Thus, our data link C/EBP-beta to IFN-gamma signaling through ERKs.
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PMID:ERK1 and ERK2 activate CCAAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta-dependent gene transcription in response to interferon-gamma. 1099 51

We compared the role of the Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)/p90(RSK) cascade in gp130-mediated cardiac hypertrophy with the contribution of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathways. Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF sequentially activated Raf-1, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p90(RSK). We used PD-98059 (a specific MEK inhibitor), AG-490 (a JAK2 inhibitor), and wortmannin (a PI3-K inhibitor) to confirm that this cascade was independent of the JAK/STAT and PI3-K/p70 S6 kinase (S6K) pathways. PD-98059, AG-490, and wortmannin suppressed the LIF-induced increase in [(3)H]phenylalanine uptake by 54.7, 21.5, and 25.6%, respectively, and inhibited the increase in cell area by 61.2, 42.8, and 39.2%, respectively. Reorganization of myofilaments was predominantly suppressed by AG-490. LIF-induced expression of c-fos, brain natriuretic peptide, and skeletal alpha-actin mRNA was markedly suppressed by PD-98059 and moderately suppressed by wortmannin and AG-490. Atrial natriuretic peptide was significantly suppressed by AG-490. These findings indicate that this pathway is critically involved in protein synthesis, induction of c-fos, brain natriuretic peptide, and skeletal alpha-actin expression and is partially involved in myofilament reorganization and atrial natriuretic peptide induction in gp130-mediated cardiac hypertrophy.
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PMID:Significance of ERK cascade compared with JAK/STAT and PI3-K pathway in gp130-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. 1100 50

Our recent study indicates that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) enhances Sp1 binding and Sp1-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) promoter activity via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEK-1) signaling pathway (Cieslik, K., Lee, C.-M., Tang, J.-L., and Wu, K. K. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34669-34675). To identify upstream signaling molecules, we transfected human endothelial cells with dominant negative and active mutants of Ras and evaluated their effects on eNOS promoter activity. Neither mutant altered the basal or LPC-induced eNOS promoter function. By contrast, a dominant negative mutant of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI-3Kgamma) blocked the promoter activity induced by LPC. Wortmannin and LY 294002 had a similar effect. AG-490, a selective inhibitor of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), also reduced the LPC-induced Sp1 binding and eNOS promoter activity to the basal level. LPC induced Jak2 phosphorylation, which was abolished by LY 294002 and the dominant negative mutant of PI-3Kgamma. LY 294002 and AG-490 abrogated MEK-1 phosphorylation induced by LPC but had no effect on Raf-1. These results indicate that PI-3Kgamma and Jak2 are essential for LPC-induced eNOS promoter activity. This signaling pathway was sensitive to pertussis toxin, suggesting the involvement of a G(i) protein in PI-3Kgamma activation. These results indicate that LPC enhances Sp1-dependent eNOS promoter activity by a pertussis toxin-sensitive, Ras-independent novel pathway, PI-3Kgamma/Jak2/MEK-1/ERK1/2.
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PMID:Up-regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase promoter by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma /Janus kinase 2/MEK-1-dependent pathway. 1104 69


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