Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Detection of minimal residual disease and relapse remain major problems in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In order to disclose the 9;22 Philadelphia translocation, we used a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. BCR and ABL gene fragments were used as probes for the detection of the BCR/ABL fusion product in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from 11 CML patients in which 5 were post-BMT. The sensitivity and specificity of this approach were compared to conventional cytogenetic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. FISH demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity (1%) for the detection of the BCR/ABL translocation in these patients. A linear correlation was found between FISH detection of the BCR/ABL fusion product and routine chromosomal analysis (r = 0.995; p < 0.001). Detection of the BCR/ABL signal by FISH was observed in all patients showing a positive PCR signal. A significant reduction in BCR/ABL signal was observed post-transplant (p < 0.001). However, the BCR/ABL translocation was detected in four of five transplanted patients immediately (0.75-2.5 months) following transplant and was found in patients with a low expression of the translocation.
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PMID:Detection of minimal residual disease state in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization. 807 54

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe for the identification of the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation [t(9;22) (q34;q11)] in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells was developed by inter-Alu-polymerase chain reaction of DNA from an interspecific somatic cell hybrid containing approximately 5 Mb of human DNA covering the ABL gene region on human chromosome 9q34. This probe was large enough to be effective in identifying the genomic domains yet small enough to resolve them in more than 90% of bone marrow interphase cells. Combination of the probe with a cosmid contig probe for the BCR region of chromosome 22 in two-color FISH reduced the frequency of false-positive identification of the Ph chromosome to less than 1%. The procedure allows detection of as few as 1% Ph+ cells independent of the cycling status or BCR/ABL expression level of cells, and the quantitation of non-Ph chromosome-containing interphase nuclei in the marrow of patients judged 100% Ph+ by standard cytogenetics.
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PMID:Analysis of interphase cells for the Philadelphia translocation using painting probe made by inter-Alu-polymerase chain reaction from a radiation hybrid. 816 93

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by a specific chromosomal translocation, t(9;22), in which the ABL protooncogene and the BCR gene become juxtaposed. The chimeric BCR/ABL gene produces a P210 fusion protein with deregulated tyrosine kinase activity. We have recently isolated a complementary DNA, CRKL, which could code for an adaptor protein consisting of one SH2 and two SH3 domains and lacking any catalytic domain. In the current study, we show that CRKL is highly phosphorylated in the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 and that it is a substrate for the p210 BCR/ABL and p145 ABL kinases. BCR/ABL and ABL are coimmunoprecipitated with CRKL in vivo, demonstrating that relatively stable complexes are formed. In addition, the nucleotide exchange factor mSOS1 was found to be coimmunoprecipitated with CRKL. These findings establish a putative signal transduction pathway way through which BCR/ABL mediates its oncogenic activity.
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PMID:Cellular interactions of CRKL, and SH2-SH3 adaptor protein. 816 80

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is associated with a translocation of the BCR and the ABL genes, t(9;22). Results of this event are transcription and translation products that are unique to malignant cells. We therefore designed synthetic ribozymes which are capable of exclusively cleaving the BCR/ABL B3A2-type mRNA without altering normal cellular transcripts. Synthetic B3A2-type transcripts could only be cleaved by B3A2-type mRNA targeted ribozymes and not by any of the controls. The B3A2-type mRNA directed ribozyme, on the other hand, did not cleave any of the control transcripts. The effective delivery of ribonucleic acids by lipofection into K562 cells could be demonstrated by fluorescent microscopy, slot blot analysis, and RNA polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In vivo, we were able to induce a significant inhibition of the proliferation of K562 cells with ribozymes directed against the B3A2-type mRNA. Quantitative PCR analyses showed an up to fivefold reduction of the relative number of BCR/ABL mRNA molecules per single cell after exposure to ribozymes compared to controls. We conclude that ribozymes targeted against the B3A2-type BCR/ABL mRNA function in vitro and in vivo.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo effects of synthetic ribozymes targeted against BCR/ABL mRNA. 823 Dec 47

Several important issues in CML research are not covered in this brief review such as the structural or molecular basis of the translocation between ABL and BCR, the relationship between CML and ALL with an identical or related BCR/ABL abnormality, the biology of CML stem and progenitor cells and immunologic aspects of CML. These are discussed elsewhere in this volume. The data reviewed indicate considerable progress in understanding the molecular and cell biology of CML. More is known about what causes CML than any human cancer. However, many important unresolved issues are likely to provide a productive direction for future studies.
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PMID:Recent progress in understanding chronic myelogenous leukemia. 825 12

In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) the reciprocal translocation of the long arms of chromosomes results in the formation of the unique BCR/ABL fusion gene which is believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CML. Different short synthetic ribozyme constructs were compared with regard to their efficiency to cleave the BCR/ABL target RNA. In the CML cell line K562 we were able to inhibit the p210BCR/ABL synthesis by a ribozyme which was about twofold more effective than the corresponding antisense molecule.
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PMID:Comparison of different ribozymes for efficient and specific cleavage of BCR/ABL related mRNAs. 830 77

The c-ABL proto-oncogene is a predominantly nuclear localized tyrosine kinase. A random mutagenesis scheme was used to isolate c-ABL mutants whose expression produced a transformed phenotype in rodent fibroblast cells. An in-frame deletion within the central region of the last exon was identified in one ABL mutant. The mechanism of c-ABL oncogenic activation by mutation within the last exon differs both functionally and structurally from those of v-ABL and BCR/ABL. This class of ABL mutants shows increased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins in vivo but low levels of autophosphorylation. Last-exon ABL mutants are distinguished from v-ABL or BCR/ABL by their inability to transform primary bone marrow cells or support the growth of transformed pre-B cells. These findings define a new mechanism of oncogenic activation for the ABL kinase through mutations in the last exon which do not require amino-terminal deletions or mutations within the src homology regions.
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PMID:Oncogenic activation of c-ABL by mutation within its last exon. 833 29

We report a case of Ph-positive CML where the BM was incubated for 24 h with 10(3) IU/ml IFN gamma and then cultured in liquid media for 4 weeks. After 24 h incubation, there was no differential sensitivity of CML CFU-GM to IFN gamma compared with untreated BM. Subsequent long-term culture (LTC) of the IFN gamma treated CML BM, however, demonstrated a 75% inhibition of production of CFU-GM from the second week onwards. Using PCR, we were able to demonstrate two types of BCR-ABL transcript in the diagnostic BM. After 4 weeks of LTC, the J(bcr b3/ABL II) RNA transcript persisted in the untreated BM, whereas neither BCR/ABL RNA transcripts were detected in the culture established with IFN gamma-treated CML BM. This study has two points of interest with the demonstration of (1) a possible antileukaemic effect of IFN gamma on the progenitors generated in the LTC system, and (2) the use of highly sensitive PCR technology to evaluate the effectiveness of IFN gamma to purge CML BM of Ph-positive cells.
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PMID:Interferon gamma is effective for BM purging in a patient with CML. 840 63

There is remarkable recent progress in our understanding of the biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). First, the BCR/ABL rearrangement was identified as the molecular basis of the disease. Second, animal models support the notion that the BCR/ABL gene product causes a syndrome similar to CML. Third, recent advances in understanding the functions of the normal ABL protein have given clues to the mechanism(s) of ABL-induced leukemias and approaches to blocking this process. Extrapolating these findings to humans seems reasonable. The challenge now is to determine how the BCR/ABL gene product causes chronic phase CML. Also unresolved is whether BCR/ABL also plays a role in the acute phase of the disease. Finally, the relationship between the two common forms of BCR/ABL, the P190 and P210 configurations, and different disease phenotypes, like CML and Philadelphia (Ph1)-chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), needs to be clarified. There is also substantial progress in treating CML. Bone marrow transplants have emerged as the preferred therapy. These result in long-term leukemia-free survival in more than one-half of appropriately selected subjects. How transplants cure CML is complex and controversial. Some data suggest high-dose treatment is the dominant factor whereas other data implicate antileukemia effects of the immune system. Interferon treatment has also proven effective in CML. Whether it prolongs survival of persons with CML remains to be determined, as does its mechanism of action. Certainly the most important and difficult challenge in CML therapy is determining how to use knowledge about the causes CML to treat the disease. These and other issues in the biology and therapy of CML were the subject of a recent meeting of basic and clinical scientists. The meeting, third in a series begun in 1987, was held on Martha's Vineyard, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA from 4-7 April, 1992. Four major topics were considered in five sessions: molecular biology, cell biology, Ph1-chromosome positive ALL, and therapy of CML. This report summarizes meeting highlights.
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PMID:Chronic myelogenous leukemia: biology and therapy. 846 45

Mouse c-Abl type IV and human BCR/ABL proteins have been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus system. The proteins were expressed as full-length polypeptides as judged by electrophoresis in denaturing gels. They were identified by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with antibodies against ABL peptides and, for BCR/ABL, against a BCR peptide. In these immunoprecipitates both proteins gave autophosphorylation principally on tyrosine. Both proteins were active tyrosine kinases, phosphorylating a variety of tyrosine-containing substrates. In fresh extracts both proteins contained phosphotyrosine as shown by Western blots with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. Partial purification could be achieved readily using ion exchange columns, and the BCR/ABL protein, p210BCR/ABL, could be further purified to near-homogeneity using an antiphosphotyrosine column. Both enzymes required a divalent metal ion for activity. At low concentrations of ATP (2 microM) and with angiotensin II as substrate both enzymes were activated by Mn2+ or by Mg2+. No major differences in catalytic properties were found between the two isolated enzymes in solution. The oncogenic properties of p210BCR/ABL may be due to its different subcellular location, or to the presence of an intracellular inhibitor of c-Abl that does not inhibit BCR/ABL, or to altered substrate-specificity such that it can phosphorylate a unique substrate which is not recognised by c-Abl.
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PMID:Comparison of baculovirus-expressed c-Abl and BCR/ABL protein tyrosine kinases. 848


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