Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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The Report of the Working Group on the Short-Term Prediction of AIDS/HIV (the Cox Report) is reviewed mainly to assess its calculations of the numbers of people in England and Wales who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Two main methods are used in the report to estimate this total--the direct method and the back projection method. The direct method estimates the number of people infected with HIV by attempting to specify the numbers of people in various at-risk groups, and the percentage infected in those groups. Of particular significance are the estimates given for male homosexuals. The Cox Report suggests that between 4.0% and 4.7% of the male population aged between 16 and 59 are homosexual, and that between 1.9% and 4.5% of these are HIV antibody-positive. The basis on which these estimates are made is not substantiated by the Report, and it is quite possible that the upper limit given for HIV prevalence in male homosexuals represents an understatement of the actual number by a factor of 2.5 or more. The back projection method estimates HIV prevalence from the numbers of cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the incubation function, the relationship between HIV infection and the probabilities of AIDS in each of the years following infection. Using this method the Cox Report fails to produce results that are in accordance with our knowledge of how the epidemic developed during the 1980s. As a consequence of this the various calculations of numbers of HIV antibody-positives to 1987 given in the Cox Report are all almost certainly underestimates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Jan
PMID:Short-term prediction of HIV infection and AIDS: a critique of the Working Group's Report to the Department of Health. 209 93

The arrival of AIDS/HIV infection in the UK has conferred a new significance upon genitourinary medicine which is necessarily involved in all aspects of patient care, surveillance and prevention. HIV should now be considered a relevant issue for discussion with all presenting patients who are at-risk of contracting any sexually transmitted disease. Targetting education at individuals together with the successful implementation of other control strategies through genitourinary medicine clinics provides exceptional opportunities to inhibit the further spread of HIV infection and to reduce morbidity from other STD and related pathology in the wider community.
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PMID:The genitourinary physician and AIDS. 217 12

Serosurveillance of high risk groups started in India in October 1985. The first positive cases were detected in 1986. As of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 HIV positive cases and 559 cases of AIDS. This is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. Among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. Between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in STD clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. The penetration into the general population is uncertain. As in Africa, infection has been mainly by heterosexual intercourse, with commercial sex workers, long distance truck drivers and migrant labour serving as vehicles of spread. Other routes of infection are transfusion of blood and blood products and i.v. drug use. Dependence on professional blood donors is the main cause of infected blood supplies. Ninety per cent of cases with HIV infection are aged between 15 and 45 years and belong to socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The male to female ratio is 5:1, with female cases being mainly sex workers. The predominant virus is HIV-1 but cases with HIV-2 and mixed infection are being reported from port cities. The present situation in India is similar to the early pattern in Africa where a sharp increase in seroprevalence among high risk groups was followed by spread to the general population. Clinical AIDS is still infrequent. From experience so far, pulmonary tuberculosis has been the most common clinical presentation. So far AIDS associated tuberculosis has responded to standard therapy but the development of multi-drug resistant mycobacteria and their spread to the large tuberculous population in the country is a potential threat. Key factors of AIDS/HIV prevention are public education and counselling about the infection and safe sex practices, especially in high risk groups; STD control; promotion of voluntary blood donation and adequate screening of blood products and general and equitable progress in the economic development of the country and its people-much high risk behaviour is driven by poverty.
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PMID:HIV and India: looking into the abyss. 867 31

The Suriname National AIDS Program (NAP) developed an education and support program involving activities for prison inmates, staff, and non-prison personnel and organizations. Male inmates and prison warders were selected for training as peer educators. Male inmates formalized their status by forming the Boma AIDS Education Collective (BAEC). Female inmates were not included in the training because most of them served short sentences and were instead involved in educational sessions which focused on sexual and mother-child transmission of STDs. BAEC produced AIDS education leaflets in three languages (Dutch, English, and Sranan Tongo) for new and discharged inmates at the prison and also for all prisoners in Suriname. The leaflets were then pre-tested and modified based on comments from 17 inmates. The Program was officially introduced in April 1992 when BAEC organized an AIDS/STD week. The week's activities included AIDS educational sessions, video shows, discussions, and HIV testing. A permanent AIDS/HIV counseling system, which specifies that among other things HIV testing must be done on a voluntary basis, was implemented at Santo Boma prison for both male and female inmates. A manual was produced for peer educators, and AIDS/STD education has since been included in the prison warder training curriculum. A number of collaborative activities with non-prison organizations were organized to demonstrate that prisoners are part of a wider community concerned about HIV/AIDS. However, some prisoners are against condom distribution in the prisons, because they feel that it would encourage homosexual contacts. Prison authorities have not yet approved official condom distribution.
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PMID:HIV / AIDS and STD prevention in Surinamese prisons. 1228 54

The Third Army Area of the Royal Thai Army collaborated with the Ministry of Public Health, CDC, and PATH in developing an AIDS education program for military conscripts. A qualitative research via focus group discussion was first done to ensure that the program would correspond with the needs and wishes of the conscripts. Results of the study revealed that many conscripts believed that regular STD screening would protect them against infection. Conscripts also indicated that AIDS education should be conducted by conscripts for conscripts in an informal and interesting way and that AIDS messages should make them think rather than fearful. The program was subsequently modified to a peer-based one and was later pretested among soldiers who were suggested as peer educators by focus group participants. Further changes were made to the program after trainees requested more information on basic facts, sex education, and communication techniques. The present three-day training course includes ice-breaking exercises, a seminar on peer activities, and training in educational methodologies, sex education and communication techniques. Five peer educators from five bases--all medical corps conscripts--have now educated 3500 recruits. Evaluations showed that the program is a cost-effective means of raising awareness and increasing knowledge about AIDS/HIV. The program is currently investigating ways to encourage behavioral change.
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PMID:Country watch: Thailand. 1228 55