Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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HIV-1 was first detected in India in 1986. HIV-2 was first detected in the country in 1991 when paid blood donors and STD clinic attenders in north India tested seropositive for the virus. HIV-2 was later detected in Bombay and Goa. HIV-2 was also introduced in Madras and followed by an exponential increase in 1992 where heterosexual transmission was found to be responsible for the spread of the virus. 433 blood samples were collected and screened during the second quarter of 1994 from blood donors, injecting drug users (IDUs), and clinically suspected HIV disease cases admitted to the Regional Medical College (RMC) Hospital or treated at the outpatient department. 60.5% of IDUs tested positive for HIV-1, 6.6% were infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and none were found to be infected exclusively with HIV-2. HIV-infected IDUs were aged 15-35 years and exclusively male. Most clinically suspected cases were young males attending the various departments of RMC with a history of long continued diarrhea, herpes zoster, extreme weight loss, miliary pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, or pericardial effusion. Their histories suggested that many were IDUs, while a few only gave histories of unprotected sex with commercial sex workers. The report of a possible link between IDUs of Manipur and Madras suggests that HIV-2 may have come from Madras. The study of dual infection with both HIV-1 and HIV-2 among the IDUs may help in understanding the factors responsible for the efficient transmission of the two viruses. An extensive literature search found that HIV-2 among IDUs has previously been reported only from Spain approximately two years earlier.
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PMID:HIV-2 strikes injecting drug users (IDUs) in India. 852 32

In order to describe the clinical features of AIDS, particularly injection drug use (IDU) related AIDS in patients attending the Regional Infectious Diseases Unit in Edinburgh a prospective review of the 680 HIV-positive patients, 30% of whom were women and 68% were infected via IDU was undertaken. The commonest AIDS-related clinical problem in Edinburgh was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Whilst gender differences were not apparent in terms of clinical problems, differences were observed in risk groups as previously reported; Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and toxoplasmosis were commoner in homo/ bisexuals whilst oesophageal candidiasis was commoner in drug users. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis was uncommon unlike cohorts from the USA or Italy. Each patient with AIDS can expect 1-2 AIDS-related clinical events per year of survival. Considerable differences in mortality rates by risk group but not by gender were observed and explanations for this difference need to be considered further. The mortality rates for drug users were however remarkably similar to published rates from Amsterdam and the Bronx, New York.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Clinical features of AIDS in the Edinburgh City Hospital cohort. 879 81

Patients with HIV can often present a diagnostic challenge and may have atypical presentations of more common diseases. This case demonstrates such a scenario; we describe a 35-year-old man with a recent diagnosis of HIV infection complaining of backache, anorexia and weight loss. On investigation he was found to have bilateral tuberculous psoas abscesses. A review of the literature shows that this is a rare presentation of an already unusual problem, with subtle signs requiring a high index of clinical suspicion. However, with HIV-positive patients more likely to present with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, there is need for increased awareness of this diagnosis.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Dec
PMID:Bilateral psoas abscesses in an HIV-positive patient. 1560 93

An outpatient HIV clinic was opened in March 2005 in Binh Thanh District, a poor section of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Over 1500 patients were seen in the first year. The average age of patients was 27 years. Men represented 77% of the clinic population, women, 23% and children under the age of 16 years of age, 5% of the population. The most common risk factor among men was being an injecting drug user (IDU), 76%, and among women, being married to an IDU HIV-positive man, 35%. Physical signs of disease were uncommon: lymphadenopathy in 24% and hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in 4% and 3%, respectively. Men and women were anaemic at presentation, with a mean haemoglobin of 11.9 g/dL and 11.1 g/dL, respectively. An overwhelming majority of patients had profound immunodeficiency. The mean CD4+ cell count was 164 cells/mL and the median was 69 cells/mL. No correlation was found between the World Health Organization's stage of disease and the CD4+ cell count. Thus, the former is a poor predictor of immunity in this population. Data regarding opportunistic infections diagnosed at the first visit were studied. Candidiasis of the oral pharynx, oesophagus or vagina was found in 34.5% of the patients, and pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis was found in 32% of the patients. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was diagnosed in only 3% of the patients. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is advocated for HIV-infected Vietnamese, but the incidence of PCP is negligible and resources could be spent elsewhere. The various opportunistic infections seen in this resource-poor clinic setting is likely to be a pattern of presentation of HIV-infected Vietnamese for some time to come.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Jul
PMID:Clinical features of HIV/AIDS patients presenting to an inner city clinic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 1762 7

While tuberculosis is still the leading opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is more common than pulmonary tuberculosis, with lymph nodes being a common site. Axillary lymph node pathology such as tuberculosis and lymphoma rarely mimics inflammatory breast carcinoma by producing lymphatic obstruction. We report a case of axillary lymph node tuberculosis in a 40-year-old immune-compromised woman, clinically presenting as inflammatory breast carcinoma.
Int J STD AIDS 2016 Feb
PMID:Axillary lymph node tuberculosis masquerading as inflammatory breast carcinoma in an immune-compromised patient. 2568 Dec 61

Worldwide, it is estimated that 14.8% of all new tuberculosis cases in adults are attributable to HIV infection. Genitourinary tuberculosis is a known complication and is considered to be a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is rare. We report a Caucasian HIV-positive heterosexual male with a clinical diagnosis of testicular tumour for which he underwent a right orchidectomy. Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis was confirmed by histology. In this case, all Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) criteria were met. We want to convey the message that in HIV-positive patients presenting with testicular swelling, an infective aetiology should be considered. This will increase the possibility of early diagnosis and proper management.
Int J STD AIDS 2017 01
PMID:Unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a report of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis mimicking a testicular tumour in a Caucasian AIDS patient. 2722 88