Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blind defibrillation, defibrillation of an unconscious, pulseless adult without electrocardiographic verification of arrhythmia, allows early definitive treatment of cardiac arrest victims. Basic EMT-As have the ability to perform blind defibrillation in a prehospital setting, and place an esophageal obturator airway. When basic EMT-As are performing blind defibrillation, there should be a standard operating procedure involving diagnosis, defibrillation, CPR and re-evaluation.
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PMID:Blind defibrillation outside the hospital. 94 Feb 41

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a non-pathogenic organism in the immunocompetent, but is a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst patients with AIDS, and the retina is the commonest site of infection. If left untreated, patients with CMVR will develop disease in their second eye and ultimately become blind. However, with correct diagnosis and treatment useful vision can be maintained in the majority of cases. Fifteen to 20% of patients with AIDS will contract cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) and this may be the AIDS-defining diagnosis though more commonly it occurs months after the diagnosis of AIDS. Given the increasing number of HIV positive patients and their longer survival, it is likely that CMVR will become an increasingly prevalent condition. In these patients loss of sight from CMVR has devastating consequences in terms of loss of independence and quality of life and therefore ophthalmologists and physicians should be aware of the presenting characteristics of CMVR, be familiar with therapy and its complications, and be able to recognize relapsing infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Cytomegalovirus retinitis: diagnosis and treatment. 830 71

Absidiosis was produced experimentally in rabbits by intravenous inoculation of 1.4 x 10(5) spores of Absidia corymbifera. Infected rabbits exhibited a rise in body temperature, anorexia, dullness, listlessness, diarrhoea, occasional blindness, convulsions and death in some cases. Mortality occurred mainly between 6 to 9 days post infection (DPI) and overall mortality was 50 per cent during the three week observation period. No significant difference was observed in erythrocytic indices viz., Hb, PCV, TEC in control and infected rabbits. However, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was considerably increased in the infected rabbits. A state of leucocytosis was observed in the infected rabbits, which was due to increase in the relative percentage of neutrophils and decrease in lymphocytes. There was a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen concentrations of infected rabbits from 3 to 14 DPI as compared to controls, but serum creatinine values were not significantly altered at any stage of infection. The cause of death was attributed to kidney failure and uraemia in infected rabbits. The rabbit was found to be a suitable model for the study of absidiosis.
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PMID:Experimental Absidia corymbifera infection in rabbits: clinicopathological studies. 881 36

A 3-laboratory method trial was conducted to evaluate 2 sample digestion procedures and instrumental determination parameters for analysis of calcium and lead in Ca supplements. Calcium supplements were treated by dry-ash digestion or microwave dissolution prior to spectrometric analysis. In each case, Pb was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and Ca by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Blind duplicates of 6 Ca supplement samples were analyzed after each sample treatment procedure. Matrix pairs contained dissimilar Pb levels to cover the analyte range encountered during method development. Calcium content of the Ca supplement samples also reflected the range seen during method development. Stock solutions of Ca and Pb were supplied to collaborators for preparation of quantitation standards to remove a variable external to the method. National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM) 1486, bone meal, was included to assess method accuracy and recovery at NIST certificate Ca and Pb levels for this material (26.58 +/- 0.24% Ca and 1.335 +/- 0.014 micrograms Pb/g). Analyses of the NIST SRM yielded 25.9 +/- 1.1 and 27.2 +/- 2.3% Ca and 1.53 +/- 0.19 and 1.26 +/- 0.19 micrograms Pb/g for dry-ash and microwave procedures, respectively. Statistical analyses of data indicated acceptable repeatability and reproducibility for determination of Pb and Ca in various Ca supplements. With either sample preparation technique, the method is appropriate for determining Pb or Ca in Ca supplements.
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PMID:Determination of calcium by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, and lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, in calcium supplements after microwave dissolution or dry-ash digestion: method trial. 985 May 85

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most important opportunistic infections in AIDS. The most common manifestation of neurological CMV disease in HIV infection is retinitis followed by encephalitis, polyradiculopathy, and multifocal neuropathy. Untreated necrotizing retinitis proceeds to blindness but can readily be diagnosed by ophthalmological examination. CMV polyradiculopathy presents as subacute leg weakness, paraesthesia, and urinary retention. Untreated patients develop ascending paralysis and die within weeks. Multifocal neuropathy commonly affects the radial, ulnar, and peroneal nerves but cranial nerves may also be involved. Confusion, cranial nerve palsies, and hyperreflexia are signs of ventriculoencephalitis, whereas the presentation of diffuse micronodular encephalitis is often asymptomatic. The diagnostic approach relies on the detection of CMV DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid for polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, and neuropathy. Neuroimaging can exclude other causes of encephalitis and polyradiculopathy. Ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir monotherapy are current medical treatment options. Intraocular administration can be used for refractory retinitis, but additional systemic prophylaxis is required to suppress extraocular disease. Ganciclovir and foscarnet have improved the prognosis of multifocal neuropathy and polyradiculopathy, but response rates for encephalitis are low. However, despite therapy survival of central nervous CMV disease is still limited to months. Recently highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has decreased the overall incidence of CMV disease in AIDS. Furthermore (HAART) has become a mainstay for CMV therapy by improving the patient's immunocompetence against CMV.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Mar
PMID:Neurological manifestations of cytomegalovirus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 1034 Jan 95

Trachoma is recognized as one of most important origins of blindness in developing countries and inclusion conjunctivitis is associated with STD in developed countries. We evaluated the diagnostic value of serological tests for the screening of eye diseases associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. We determined serum IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis from 53 Japanese patients with active inflammatory trachoma (aged more than 60 years) and from 107 adult patients (aged 20 to 50 years) with acute inclusion conjunctivitis by ELISA test kit. We detected serum IgG antibodies from 22 out of 53 (42.5%) patients with trachoma and from 40 out of 107 (37.4%) patients with acute inclusion conjunctivitis. We also detected serum IgM antibodies from 7 out of 53 (13.2%) patients with trachoma and from 35 out of 107 (32.7%) patients with acute inclusion conjunctivitis. The prevalence of serum IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis in patients with acute inclusion conjunctivitis was significantly higher than that in patients with active trachoma (p < 0.05). Serological tests are also thought to be useful for screening of chlamydial eye diseases.
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PMID:Evaluation of serological tests for screening of chlamydial eye diseases. 1045 98

This paper concerns the ophthalmic assessment of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) for a number of eye conditions and in particular cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. CMV has been the most common opportunistic infection associated with AIDS and the leading cause of blindness among AIDS patients. There have been early indications of a widespread fall in CMV prevalence internationally following the introduction of a new highly active antiretroviral triple (HAART) therapy. Our study sought to assess the position for Ireland. Our cohort was the entire population of stage IV AIDS patients attending the country's leading referral centre. The total number of patients examined was 167 and the period of examination was 1 May 1995 to 30 April 1997. HAART was introduced in March 1996, so the data permitted a 'before and after' comparison of various clinical findings. The incidence of new CMV cases was found to be 4 among the 102 patients examined in the first 12-month period and one among 107 patients examined in the second 12-month period. There were accompanying declines in HIV-related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy (HIVR), keratitis and other conditions. The findings are promising, but we argue that caution is needed in assessing long-term trends. In the paper we discuss a number of methodological issues in the collection and analysis of the clinical data and in the interpretation of results.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Oct
PMID:Monitoring cytomegalovirus retinitis prevalence in an HIV-seropositive cohort: the assessment of improvements observed following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral triple therapy. 1058 31

Apoptotic cell death of photoreceptors is the final event leading to blindness in the heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degenerations. GDNF (glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor) was found to rescue photoreceptor function and survival very effectively in an animal model of retinal degeneration (M. Frasson, S. Picaud, T. Leveillard, M. Simonutti, S. Mohand-Said, H. Dreyfus, D. Hicks, and J. Sahel, Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40:2724-2734, 1999). However, the cellular mechanism of GDNF action remained unresolved. We show here that in porcine retina, GDNF receptors GFRalpha-1 and RET are expressed on retinal Mueller glial cells (RMG) but not on photoreceptors. Additionally, RMG express the receptors for the GDNF family members artemin and neurturin (GFRalpha-2 and GFRalpha-3). We further investigated GDNF-, artemin-, and neurturin-induced signaling in isolated primary RMG and demonstrate three intracellular cascades, which are activated in vitro: MEK/ERK, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), and PKB/AKT pathways with different kinetics in dependence on stimulating GFL. We correlate the findings to intact porcine retina, where GDNF induces phosphorylation of ERK in the perinuclear region of RMG located in the inner nuclear layer. GDNF signaling resulted in transcriptional upregulation of FGF-2, which in turn was found to support photoreceptor survival in an in vitro assay. We provide here a detailed model of GDNF-induced signaling in mammalian retina and propose that the GDNF-induced rescue effect on mutated photoreceptors is an indirect effect mediated by retinal Mueller glial cells.
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PMID:GDNF family ligands trigger indirect neuroprotective signaling in retinal glial cells. 1653 17

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, polysymptomatic, immune-mediated demyelinating disorder involving central nervous system (CNS) white matter. It is usually seen in association with exanthematous viral illnesses, systemic infections or vaccinations. The haemorrhagic form of ADEM is rarer and follows a more fulminant course. We describe a case of haemorrhagic ADEM in an HIV-infected patient presenting solely with acute onset bilateral blindness and normal retina. ADEM was diagnosed from clinical, laboratory and radiological findings. Although ADEM has been seen with HIV seroconversion illness and in chronic infection, the haemorrhagic form has never been reported in association with HIV. Acute onset blindness is extremely rare in HIV-positive patients. A Medline search revealed very few reports. The importance of considering haemorrhagic ADEM as aetiology of blindness in such a scenario is discussed.
Int J STD AIDS 2006 Jul
PMID:Haemorrhagic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an unusual case of blindness in an HIV-infected patient. 1682 86

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial pathogen that infects the eyes and urogenital tract. Ocular infection by this organism is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. The infection is also a leading cause of sexually transmitted disease in the United States. As obligate intracellular pathogens, chlamydiae have evolved sophisticated, yet undefined, mechanisms to maintain a favorable habitat for intracellular growth while avoiding harm to the host. We show here that chlamydiae have the ability to interfere with the NF-kappaB pathway of host inflammatory response. We found that Chlamydia infection did not promote IkappaBalpha degradation, a prerequisite for NF-kappaB nuclear translocation/activation, nor induce p65/RelA nuclear redistribution. Instead, it caused p65 cleavage into an N terminus-derived p40 fragment and a p22 of the C terminus. The activity was specific because no protein cleavage or degradation of NF-kappaB pathway components was detected. Moreover, murine p65 protein was resistant to cleavage by both human and mouse biovars. The chlamydial protein that selectively cleaved p65 was identified as a tail-specific protease (CT441). Importantly, expression of either this protease or the p40 cleavage product could block NF-kappaB activation. A hallmark of chlamydial STD is its asymptomatic nature, although inflammatory cellular response and chronic inflammation are among the underlying mechanisms. The data presented here demonstrate that chlamydiae have the ability to convert a regulatory molecule of host inflammatory response to a dominant negative inhibitor of the same pathway potentially to minimize inflammation.
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PMID:Cleavage of p65/RelA of the NF-kappaB pathway by Chlamydia. 1730 Dec 40


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