Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the past two decades we have witnessed the identification of an expanding list of immunohistochemical and molecular markers linked to histopathologically defined subtypes of tumors. These markers offer new insights and approaches to the classification of tumors with important prognostic and/or therapeutic implications. We review the potentially diagnostic immunohistochemical and molecular markers of soft tissue tumors (STTs). The immunohistochemical markers reviewed include vimentin, cytokeratin, desmin, HHF35, S100, myoD1, alpha1-antitrypsin, vascular markers (factor VIII, CD31, CD34), MIC2, and others. The potentially diagnostic chromosomal translocations and associated genes identified in STT include Ewing's/PNET t(11;22)(q24;q12)(FLI1;EWS), t(21;22)(q22;q12)(ERG; EWS); t(7;22)(p22;q12)(ETV1;EWS); desmoplastic small round cell tumor t(11;22)(p13;q12)(WT1;EWS); extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma t(9;22)(q22;q12) (TEC(CHN);EWS); malignant ectomesenchymoma t(11;22)(q24;q12)(FLI1;EWS); alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma t(2;13)(q35;q14)(PAX-3;FKHR); t(1;13) (p36;q14)(PAX-7;FKHR); myxoid and round cell liposarcoma t(12;16)(q13;p11)(CHOP;TLS(FUS)); synovial sarcoma t(X;18)(p11;q11)(SSX1&2;SYT), and others. The nature, utility, and limitations of these markers in diagnostic settings are explored.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and molecular genetic approaches to soft tissue tumor diagnosis: a primer. 934 17

The Janus family of tyrosine kinases (JAK) plays an essential role in development and in coupling cytokine receptors to downstream intracellular signaling events. A t(9;12)(p24;p13) chromosomal translocation in a T cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient was characterized and shown to fuse the 3' portion of JAK2 to the 5' region of TEL, a gene encoding a member of the ETS transcription factor family. The TEL-JAK2 fusion protein includes the catalytic domain of JAK2 and the TEL-specific oligomerization domain. TEL-induced oligomerization of TEL-JAK2 resulted in the constitutive activation of its tyrosine kinase activity and conferred cytokine-independent proliferation to the interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 hematopoietic cell line.
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PMID:A TEL-JAK2 fusion protein with constitutive kinase activity in human leukemia. 936 Sep 30

Recurrent translocation t(10;11) has been reported to be associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, two types of chimeric transcripts, MLL-AF10 in t(10;11)(p12;q23) and CALM-AF10 in t(10;11)(p13;q14), were isolated. t(10;11) is strongly associated with complex translocations, including invins(10;11) and inv(11)t(10;11), because the direction of transcription of AF10 is telomere to centromere. We analyzed a patient of AML with t(10;11)(p11.2;q23) and identified ABI-1 on chromosome 10p11.2, a human homolog to mouse Abl-interactor 1 (Abi-1), fused with MLL. Whereas the ABI-1 gene bears no homology with the partner genes of MLL previously described, the ABI-1 protein exhibits sequence similarity to protein of homeotic genes, contains several polyproline stretches, and includes a src homology 3 (SH3) domain at the C-terminus that is required for binding to Abl proteins in mouse Abi-1 protein. Recently, e3B1, an eps8 SH3 binding protein 1, was also isolated as a human homolog to mouse Abi-1. Three types of transcripts of ABI-1 gene were expressed in normal peripheral blood. Although e3B1 was considered to be a full-length ABI-1, the MLL-ABI-1 fusion transcript in this patient was formed by an alternatively spliced ABI-1. Others have shown that mouse Abi-1 suppresses v-ABL transforming activity and that e3B1, full-length ABI-1, regulates cell growth. In-frame MLL-ABI-1 fusion transcripts combine the MLL AT-hook motifs and DNA methyltransferase homology region with the homeodomain homologous region, polyproline stretches, and SH3 domain of alternatively spliced transcript of ABI-1. Our results suggest that the ABI-1 gene plays a role in leukemogenesis by translocating to MLL.
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PMID:ABI-1, a human homolog to mouse Abl-interactor 1, fuses the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia with t(10;11)(p11.2;q23). 969 99

In acute leukemia (AL) with a late-appearing Philadelphia (la-Ph) translocation, it is unclear whether these translocations arise from the same molecular event as classical Ph translocations. In order to elucidate the molecular events of la-Ph and subsequent translocations of la-Ph leukemia, we performed molecular analysis on the complex rearrangements, in a cell line, MY, which was established from bone marrow mononuclear cells of a patient with a la-Ph acute biphenotypic leukemia. This la-Ph, expressing an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)-type BCR/ABL transcript, produces a novel P180BCR/ABL fusion protein reflecting deletion of 174 bases (58 amino acids) encoded by the a2 exon of the ABL gene. An immune complex kinase assay showed that this protein had autophosphorylation activity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in conjunction with G-banding analysis revealed that the initial der(9)t(9;22)(q34;q11) progressed to a der(9)(9pter-->9q34::22q11-->22q13::5q11.2 -->5q15:: 10q23-->10qter) by, first, a three-way translocation among the der(9)t(9;22)(q34;q11), chromosome 5, and the normal chromosome 22, and then a subsequent translocation with chromosome 10. Moreover, both the end-stage leukemic cells of the patient and the MY cell line had another translocation, t(X;12)(p11.2;p13). The 12p breakpoint was located near the ETV6 gene by analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, but transcription of ETV6 was unaffected. Tumorigenicity analysis indicated that an additional translocation, t(2;3)(p16;q29), may have caused a more malignant clone, because only MY cells with the t(2;3)(p16;q29) were capable of growing subcutaneously in nude mice within 40 days. The molecular events of leukemogenesis and leukemic progression in the present la-Ph AL occurred by accumulation of unique translocations. This cell line, MY, expressing a novel variant P180BCR/ABL protein with a deletion of the a2 exon of the ABL gene, may be useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of this fusion protein and for studying ETV6-related leukemogenesis and t(2;3), as well as the molecular mechanisms of the complex translocations.
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PMID:Establishment of a cell line with variant BCR/ABL breakpoint expressing P180BCR/ABL from late-appearing Philadelphia-positive acute biphenotypic leukemia. 979 May 3

Although chronic phase myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome leading to a fusion of the BCR and ABL genes, additional genetic alterations involved in blast crisis are poorly understood. We report an at least 15-fold amplification of the ABL oncogene in a 29-year-old male patient with a variant Ph-positive t(19;22)(p13;q11.2) CML who presented in lymphoid blast crisis. Our finding suggests that an amplification of the ABL oncogene might play a part in the appearance of an aggressive phenotype in some cases of CML.
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PMID:ABL amplification in a patient with lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. 1019 Mar 7

T-cell activation involves the participation of protein-tyrosine kinases p56(lck) and ZAP-70/SYK as well as lymphoid proteins such as SLP-76 and FYB/SLAP. FYB/SLAP has the hallmarks of an adaptor protein that binds to the SH2 domains of the Src kinase FYN-T and SLP-76. Whereas two forms of FYB at 120 and 130 kDa have been identified biochemically, a cDNA encoding only the lower molecular weight isoform has been cloned (termed FYB-120 or SLAP-130). In this study, we report the isolation of an alternative isoform of FYB with a molecular mass of 130 kDa (FYB-130) that has the same structure as FYB-120 except for an insertion of 46 amino acids toward the carboxyl-terminal region of the protein. FYB-120 and FYB-130 share an ability to bind to the SH2 domains of FYN-T and SLP-76, to act as substrates for p59(FYN-T), and to be expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of T-cells. Differences were noted between the isoforms in the efficiency of binding to SLP-76 and in the preferential expression of FYB-130 in mature T-cells. When co-expressed together with FYN-T and SLP-76, FYB-130 caused a significant increase in anti-CD3-driven NF-AT transcription. Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis localized the FYB gene to human chromosome 5 at position p13.1. FYB-130 therefore represents a novel variant of FYB protein that can up-regulate T-cell receptor-driven interleukin 2 production in mature T-cells.
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PMID:Novel isoform of lymphoid adaptor FYN-T-binding protein (FYB-130) interacts with SLP-76 and up-regulates interleukin 2 production. 1049 4

The ETV6/TEL gene has been reported to fuse to PDGFRbetab MDS1/EVI1, BTL, ACS2, STL, JAK2, ABL, CDX2, TRKC, AML1, and MN1. Among them, PDGFRbeta, ABL, JAK2, and TRKC are tyrosine kinases (TK). We identified a novel ETV6 partner gene, ARG (ABL-related gene or ABL2), another TK gene in a cell line established from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML-M3) with a t(15;17)(q22;q11.2) and a t(1;12)(q25;p13), which has the remarkable feature to differentiate to mature eosinophils in culture with all-trans retinoic acid and cytokines. The ETV6/ARG transcripts consisted of exon 1 to 5 of ETV6 and the 3' portion of ARG starting from exon 1B or exon 2, resulting in an open reading frame for a fusion protein consisting of the entire PNT oligomerization domain of ETV6 and all of the functional domains of ARG including the TK domain. This is the same protein structure as identified in the other ETV6 TK fusion proteins. The reciprocal ARG/ETV6 transcript was not expressed, and the normal ETV6 allele was not deleted or rearranged. Although the ABL is known to be involved in various human malignancies, ARG has not been involved in human malignancies despite its high homology to ABL. Thus, this is the first report showing involvement of ARG in human leukemia. The ETV6/ARG protein may be involved in the unique differentiation capacity of this cell line. (Blood. 2000;95:2126-2131)
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PMID:A new ETV6/TEL partner gene, ARG (ABL-related gene or ABL2), identified in an AML-M3 cell line with a t(1;12)(q25;p13) translocation. 1070 84

We previously reported a fusion between TEL and JAK2 in a t(9;12)(p24;p13) chromosomal translocation in childhood acute T-cell leukemia. This fusion gene encodes a TEL-JAK2 chimeric protein in which the 336 amino-terminal residues of TEL, including its specific self-association domain, are fused to the kinase domain of JAK2. TEL-JAK2 exhibits constitutive activation of its tyrosine kinase activity which, in turn, confers growth factor-independent proliferation to the interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 hematopoietic cell line. To elucidate the properties of TEL-JAK2 in primary cells and to create an animal model for TEL-JAK2-induced leukemia, we generated transgenic mice in which the TEL-JAK2 complementary DNA was placed under the transcriptional control of the EmuSRalpha enhancer/promoter. TEL-JAK2 founder mice and their transgenic progeny developed fatal leukemia at 4 to 22 weeks of age. Selective amplification of CD8-positive T cells was observed in blood, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. Expression of a tyrosine-phosphorylated TEL-JAK2 protein and activation of STAT1 and STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) were detected in leukemic tissues. TEL-JAK2 diseased mice also displayed invasion of nonhematopoietic organs, including liver, brain, lung, and kidney, by leukemic T cells. Leukemic organs of founder and transgenic progeny contained a monoclonal/oligoclonal T-cell population as analyzed by the rearrangement of the TCRbeta locus. Transplantation of TEL-JAK2 leukemic cells in nude mice confirmed their invasive nature. We conclude that the TEL-JAK2 fusion is an oncogene in vivo and that its expression in lymphoid cells results in the preferential expansion of CD8-positive T cells. (Blood. 2000;95:3891-3899)
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PMID:TEL-JAK2 transgenic mice develop T-cell leukemia. 1084 25

TEL-JAK2 fusion proteins, which are a result of t(9;12)(p24;p13) translocations associated with human leukemia, activate Stat5 in vitro and in vivo and cause a myelo- and lymphoproliferative disease in a murine bone marrow transplant model. We report that Socs-1, a member of the SOCS family of endogenous inhibitors of JAKs and STATs, inhibits transformation of Ba/F3 cells by TEL-JAK2 but has no effect on Ba/F3 cells transformed by BCR-ABL, TEL-ABL, or TEL-platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. TEL-JAK2, in addition to activating Stat5, associates with Shc and Grb2 and induces activation of Erk2, and expression of Socs-1 inhibits engagement of each of these signaling molecules. TEL-JAK2 kinase activity is inhibited by Socs-1, as assessed by in vitro kinase assays. In addition, Socs-1 induces proteasomal degradation of TEL-JAK2. Mutational analysis indicates that the SOCS box of Socs-1 is required for proteasomal degradation and for abrogation of growth of TEL-JAK2-transformed cells. Furthermore, murine bone marrow transplant assays demonstrate that expression of Socs-1 prolongs latency of TEL-JAK2-mediated disease in vivo. Collectively, these data indicate that Socs-1 inhibits TEL-JAK2 in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of kinase activity and induction of TEL-JAK2 protein degradation.
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PMID:Socs-1 inhibits TEL-JAK2-mediated transformation of hematopoietic cells through inhibition of JAK2 kinase activity and induction of proteasome-mediated degradation. 1131 80

Fusions of the ETV6/TEL gene to receptor or protein tyrosine kinases (TKs), such as PDGFRbeta, JAK2, ABL, ABL2, TRKC, and Syk, have been reported in various hematological malignancies. Expression of the resultant chimeric proteins is believed to lead to constitutive TK activity through activation by the helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain of ETV6. We identified a novel ETV6 partner gene, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), in a patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with a t(4;12)(p16;p13) translocation. The ETV6-FGFR3 transcript showed a fusion of exon 5 of ETV6 to exon 10 of FGFR3, resulting in an open reading frame for a chimeric protein consisting of the HLH domain of ETV6 and the TK domains of FGFR3. This is the first report of ETV6 and FGFR3 involvement in PTCL.
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PMID:Fusion of ETV6 to fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in peripheral T-cell lymphoma with a t(4;12)(p16;p13) chromosomal translocation. 1173 10


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