Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Research documents the challenges associated with preventing HIV/AIDS among prison inmate populations. This paper describes the predictors of protective barrier use and unprotected sexual intercourse among a sample of adult male inmates. Descriptive and scale information was collected on several variables using standard response formats. All major substance use constructs (marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol use) were assessed in terms of consumption prior to incarceration. T-tests were employed to evaluate the level of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol use in general, as well as with particular respect to sexual situations. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether the use of the substances, length of incarceration, and other demographic variables were associated with the frequency of reporting use of a protective barrier. The findings note that total years in prison, and marijuana and cocaine use were associated with inmates' risk behaviours. Marijuana and cocaine use were statistically significant predictors of risky sex behaviours.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Mar
PMID:Use of protective barriers and unprotected sex among adult male prison inmates prior to incarceration. 1582 22

The World Wide Web (WWW) poses a distinct capability to offer interventions tailored to the individual's characteristics. To fine tune the tailoring process, studies are needed to explore how Internet accessibility and usage are related to demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and other health related characteristics. This study was based on a cross-sectional survey conducted on 2373 7th grade students of various ethnic groups in Southern California. Measures of Internet use included Internet use at school or at home, Email use, chat-room use, and Internet favoring. Logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations between Internet uses with selected demographic, psychosocial, behavioral variables and self-reported health statuses. The proportion of students who could access the Internet at school or home was 90% and 40%, separately. Nearly all (99%) of the respondents could access the Internet either at school or at home. Higher SES and Asian ethnicity were associated with higher internet use. Among those who could access the Internet and after adjusting for the selected demographic and psychosocial variables, depression was positively related with chat-room use and using the Internet longer than 1 hour per day at home, and hostility was positively related with Internet favoring (All ORs = 1.2 for +1 STD, p < 0.05). Less parental monitoring and more unsupervised time were positively related to email use, chat-room use, and at home Internet use (ORs for +1 STD ranged from 1.2 to 2.0, all p < 0.05), but not related to at school Internet use. Substance use was positively related to email use, chat-room use, and at home Internet use (OR for "used" vs. "not used" ranged from 1.2 to 4.0, p < 0.05). Self-reported health problems were associated with higher levels of Internet use at home but lower levels of Internet use at school. More physical activity was related to more email use (OR = 1.3 for +1 STD), chat room use (OR = 1.2 for +1 STD), and at school ever Internet use (OR = 1.2 for +1 STD, all p < 0.05). Body mass index was not related to any of the Internet use-related measures. In this ethnically diverse sample of Southern California 7(th) grade students, 99% could access the Internet at school and/or at home. This suggests that the Internet is already a potential venue for large scale health communication studies. Adolescents with more psychosocial risk factors or detrimental health behaviors were more likely to use the Internet. Therefore, if used properly, Internet interventions could effectively address the high risk populations. Additional research is needed to gain a more complete understanding of the positive and negative consequences of Internet use among adolescents.
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PMID:Internet accessibility and usage among urban adolescents in Southern California: implications for web-based health research. 1623 37

Previous studies have consistently suggested positive associations between early sexual initiation and subsequent risky sexual behaviours, HIV/STD infection, adolescent pregnancy and substance use. In the present study, survival curves for rural-to-urban migrants in China with and without HIV-related behaviours were analysed to determine (1) the risk of initiating sex at each ageand (2) the association between sexual initiation and HIV-related behaviours.
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PMID:Age of sexual initiation and HIV-related behaviours: application of survival analysis. 1660 76

Three 16-month sexual risk-taking trajectories were identified in 287 women in an STD/HIV intervention study. The Risk Eliminator group reported no sex risk following intervention while the Risk Reducer group reported continuous drops over time. The High Risk group reported higher initial risk than the other two and no subsequent changes. The trajectory groups showed no between- or within-group effects of intervention exposure. Trajectory groups were compared on baseline characteristics. No differences were seen in demographics or STD/HIV knowledge. Compared to one or both of the other groups, the High Risk women reported more lifetime partners, recent paying partners, adult rape, and recent substance use. Their steady partners were more likely to be abusive, intoxicated during sex (as were the women themselves), and believed to be non-monogamous. The Risk Eliminator group differed from the other two by being less likely to report a history of childhood sexual abuse.
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PMID:Change trajectories in women's STD/HIV risk behaviors following intervention. 1680 94

HIV and STD prevention is an essential component of public health initiatives in countries throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Liberalization in sexual values, declining age at first sex, higher levels of sexual activity, and inconsistent condom use have been well-documented among young people in the region following the political, economic, and cultural transitions after the end of the state socialism era. Less well-understood are the reasons for high-risk sexual behavior and psychosocial factors that must be addressed in the development of effective HIV/STD prevention programs. This study recruited members of 12 high-risk social networks of young adult men and women (n= 66 participants) in two cities, St. Petersburg, Russia, and Budapest, Hungary. In-depth focus groups were conducted with all members of each network, and qualitatively analyzed to examine factors surrounding high-risk sexual behavior. Main themes that emerged were that STDs are less known and less feared than AIDS, HIV risk factors were relatively well known among young adults in both countries but vulnerability is perceived differently, pregnancy prevention is a more immediate concern than protection from HIV or STDs, condom use declines quickly following first sex with a new partner, reintroducing condom use in a relationship is very difficult, and young adults report many barriers to condom use including those related to alcohol or other substance use. HIV/STD prevention programs are needed that extend beyond risk education alone and that also address critical psychological, social, and relationship factors related to sexual risk behavior.
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PMID:"Condoms are reliable but I am not": A qualitative analysis of AIDS-related beliefs and attitudes of young heterosexual adults in Budapest, Hungary, and St. Petersburg, Russia. 1683 Jun 6

This study examined the sexual behaviour and self-reported incidence of STDs of White and Chinese American young people in a nationally representative US sample. 10,419 White and 340 self-identified Chinese American young people in grade 7 through 12 were selected from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Prevalence of sex initiation, ever having casual sex partners, number of lifetime sex partners, age of first sexual intercourse, and history of self-reported STD diagnoses were compared between these two groups. Chinese American young people reported significantly lower rates of sexual intercourse than Whites. Among sexually active young people, Chinese Americans were also less likely to report non-regular sexual partners and to report having a lower number of such sexual partners in the past year. There was no difference in self-reported STDs between the two groups. Ever having been romantically involved, older age, not living in a two-parent household, having more relaxed attitudes about sex, and reported substance use were associated with a higher likelihood of sexual intercourse in both groups. Being native-born was not associated with patterns of sexual behaviour among Chinese Americans.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour and self-reported sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): comparison between White and Chinese American young people. 1684 42

The purpose of this study was to assess associations between substance use (alcohol to intoxication, heroin, and cocaine) and sexual activity, high risk sexual behaviors, and STD among detoxification inpatients (n = 470). Participants were surveyed on past 30 day substance use, past 6 month sexual behaviors, and STD in the past 6 months and/or over 24 months of follow-up. Logistic regression models adjusted for demographics found that cocaine use was significantly associated with being sexually active (OR(adj) = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-4.8) and selling sex (OR(adj) = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3-5.3). Alcohol and heroin were not significantly associated with sexual activity, high risk sexual behaviors or STD in this sample.
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PMID:Associations between alcohol, heroin, and cocaine use and high risk sexual behaviors among detoxification patients. 1736 58

A total of 249 Japanese nationals - tourists (n = 107), students (n = 98), and temporary workers (n = 44) - were recruited at the targeted community venues in Honolulu, Hawaii, and completed a structured survey questionnaire. Reported lifetime sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs infection (10% male and 20% female participants), and HIV infection rates (7%, 2 out of 31 persons tested) were high. Male participants were more likely to practice safe sex with female sex workers than with steady and casual female partners both in Japan and Hawaii. More than 80% of the participants reported having had sex under the influence of alcohol. Multivariate analysis revealed that positive attitudes toward drug use and negative attitudes toward condom use were significantly correlated with the frequency of sex under the influence of drugs with steady partners in the past 12 months. Future HIV/STD prevention intervention programs must target Japanese youths who are planning to visit Hawaii or elsewhere abroad, as well as Japanese high-risk groups (e.g., temporary workers in Hawaii), and provide information about HIV/STD prevention in relation to substance use.
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PMID:Substance use and sexual behaviors among Japanese tourists, students, and temporary workers in Honolulu, Hawaii. 1741 90

The purpose of this pilot project was to develop, administer and assess a brief male-focused and behavioural-driven condom promotion programme for young adult African American males in an urban setting. To achieve the aims of this study, linkages with local community centres were initially fostered and both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed. Based on relevant tenets of the social cognitive theory and the stages of change model, a series of focus groups were conducted among the target population, recruited from non-traditional urban settings, to identify and further explore their perceived condom use barriers and facilitators in order to support programme development. Specifically, the topical items addressed those young men's perceptions of sexuality and condom use within three broad contexts: general sexual behaviours, condom use behaviours, and the relationship between condoms and substance use. The focus group discussions were audiotaped and the transcribed data summarized and analysed based on those thematic topics. The findings revealed that significant myths, misconceptions and knowledge gaps exist regarding HIV/STD-related prevention, condom promotion and substance use. The findings imply that there is a critical need to develop target group suitable condom promotion programmes in order to successfully promote, foster and sustain condom use among high-risk populations.
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PMID:Condom use behaviours among 18-24 year-old urban African American males: a qualitative study. 1785 1

Sexually transmitted infection (STI), including AIDS disproportionately affects minority women with a history of physical or sexual abuse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gender- and culture-specific behavioural interventions and interactive STI counselling for high-risk minority women with a history of physical or sexual abuse over two years. African- and Mexican-American women with a non-viral STI were enrolled in a randomized trial. Follow-up screens and interviews occurred at six months and one and two years. The primary outcome was subsequent infection with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea. Secondary analysis of primary outcomes was made by self-reported physical or sexual abuse. Logistic regression was utilized on an intention-to-treat basis. Baseline data from 853 women were included; the retention rate was 91%. Infection rates were higher in abused women in Year 1 (29% vs. 23.8%, P=0.12), Year 2 (23.4% vs.17.6%, P=0.03) and cumulatively (43.8% vs. 33.0%, P=0.003). Unadjusted association between abuse and reinfection was stronger for adolescents (<19 years) than adults in Year 1 (42.7% vs. 30.8%, P=0.03), Year 2 (32.7% vs. 22.0%, P=0.03) and cumulatively (59.4% vs. 43.3%, P=0.004). Corresponding rates for adults were Year 1 (17.8% vs. 17.0%, P=0.84), Year 2 (17.4% vs. 12.7%, P=0.23) and cumulatively (30.7% vs. 22.3%, P=0.08). Reinfection rates were further stratified by adolescence and substance use. Abused adolescents had consistently higher reinfection than non-abused adolescents and abused adults. In conclusion, risk-reduction interventions decreased infective episodes with chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea in the two-year study period for non-abused women. Abused women, particularly adolescents and substance users, had increased episodes in these study periods.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Nov
PMID:Behavioural interventions and abuse: secondary analysis of reinfection in minority women. 1800 8


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