Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of the study was to determine the community prevalence of genital syndromes in women and evaluate the syndromic management of vaginal discharge in this setting. A representative sample for the state of Tamilnadu was chosen using probability proportional to size cluster technique. Thirty clusters were selected from three districts. Demographic, sexual behaviour, risk factors, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the selected population using a structured questionnaire. Direct smear examination for Trichomonas vaginalis, culture for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi, serological tests for syphilis (RPR and TPHA), hepatitis B (Hbs Ag ELISA), IgM and IgG antibodies to HSV2 (Novum diagnostics, Germany) and PCR test for detection of C. trachomatis from urine were done. There were 1157 women in the selected population. On examination, vaginal discharge was the most common genital syndrome (38.4%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of vaginal discharge as a marker for STD in women was found to be 43.3%, 61.6%, 10.7% and 91.1%, respectively. We concluded that treatment on the basis of syndromic management would result in over-treatment of 90% of women with vaginal discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Jun
PMID:Genital syndromes and syndromic management of vaginal discharge in a community setting. 1518 79

This study evaluated Amsel's criteria, the FemExam card and pH plus amine methods for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in a resource-poor setting. Two hundred Azerbaijani women participated in a study about reproductive health that included a gynaecological examination and an interviewer-administered survey. Using the WHO syndromic diagnosis algorithm, nearly all women (99%) had abnormal vaginal discharge. The prevalence of BV by Gram stain was 35%; using pH plus amine, the FemExam card and Amsel's criteria, prevalence ranged from 29% to 49%. No behavioural or demographic characteristics were associated with BV as diagnosed by Gram stain. The sensitivity ranged from 0.59 to 0.74 and specificity from 0.65 to 0.92 using the three methods. The pH plus amine test is better than syndromic management protocols, and although it is not the most sensitive or specific of the three methods it will be easiest to implement in resource-poor settings.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Jan
PMID:Strategies for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a resource-poor setting. 1570 74

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of one of the most common types of vaginitis, trichomoniasis. The incidence of trichomoniasis in developed countries has decreased substantially during the past decade, but high prevalence of this disease can still be found in rural and remote areas of Australia. Clinical manifestations of symptomatic women are generally non-specific, but include vaginal discharge, vaginitis and irritation. T. vaginalis infection has also been linked to the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Current diagnosis of T. vaginalis relies on the visualization of motile organisms in a wet-mount preparation. Culture is used mainly in reference laboratories. The latter two methods require viable organisms and would not be suitable for use where transportation of specimens can be delayed. Two real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridization probe PCR assays were used in this study to test for T. vaginalis DNA, targeting the beta-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes. We tested 500 randomly selected female patients, in an STD setting, for T. vaginalis DNA. The FRET PCRs targeting the beta-tubulin gene and the 18S rRNA gene detected 96 % (85/89) and 100 % (89/89) , respectively, of the positive specimens (first-void urine sample or genital swabs). Wet-mount microscopy was performed on 76 of these PCR-positive specimens and showed a sensitivity of 38 % (29/76). The prevalence, by PCR, of trichomoniasis was 18 % in this study. The two real-time PCRs developed in this study, targeting different genetic regions of the organism, provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection.
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PMID:Real-time PCRs for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis beta-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes in female genital specimens. 1751 Feb 62

The Dutch College of General Practitioners (NHG) revised their practice guideline on vaginal discharge. From a gynaecological point of view, relocation of cervix problems from this guideline to the NHG guideline 'The STD consultation' is not practical. Moreover, the role of simple, but effective diagnosis with a microscope in the primary-care setting cannot be overemphasized. The reluctance to oral treatment is rather inopportune, because once-only ingestion has the advantage of promoting compliance. As physical examination is not always necessary in a recurrent Candida infection, treatment performed by the patient with imidazole compounds is a possibility that does not always result in abuse or increased resistance.
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PMID:[The practice guideline 'Vaginal discharge' (first revision) from the Dutch College of General Practitioners; a response from the perspective of gynaecology]. 1798 1

We studied, retrospectively, 400 consecutive case-notes (200 for each sex) for patients who presented with or without complaints of urethral or vaginal discharge. The incidence of sexually related conditions was identified for each of the four patients subgroups to objectively inform the process of triage. In all, 60% of asymptomatic female and 40% of asymptomatic male patients in the study had a condition of genitourinary (GU) medicine significance. Two-thirds of female patients had a condition of GU medicine significance whether they were symptomatic or asymptomatic. Some 16% of asymptomatic males would have had a delay in treatment of chlamydia, with a 19% loss of identifying non-specific urethritis, if they were triaged on the basis of lack of symptoms, and microscopy tests were abandoned for this group of patients.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Sep
PMID:The incidence of sexually related conditions in asymptomatic versus symptomatic patients. 1833 78

The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge. A subsample of 399 vaginal and cervical swabs was randomly selected from 2579 samples collected during a study to determine the causes of vaginal discharge in women attending primary health-care clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cervical samples were tested for M. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the samples were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida. M. genitalium was detected in three samples (0.8%; 95% confidence interval: 0.00-1.6). The prevalence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae T. vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis and candida was 1.3, 3.8, 8, 23.25 and 32.5%, respectively. Two women with M. genitalium were co-infected with T. vaginalis or candida. This is the first study to document the existence of M. genitalium in Bangladesh. Although the prevalence of this infection is low in the population tested, further research into this pathogen in other Bangladeshi populations is justified.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Nov
PMID:Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in health clinic attendees complaining of vaginal discharge in Bangladesh. 1893 Dec 72

(1) It is very important thing to find general STDs, such as chlamydia infection in the early stage, because this can stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. (2) If patients are suffering from vaginal discharge, bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and/or urinary symptoms, we highly recommend that they need to take STD tests. (3) If some one whose first experiences of sexual intercourse were under 14, their behavior may have been related with their home environment. We have to know their problems at home. (4) Self-esteem is the basic factor for performing dual protection.
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PMID:[To prevent the spread of STDs]. 1917 72

The copper intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is strongly associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Hormonal influences may play a role in the control of vaginal flora. It is unclear whether use of the progesterone-incorporated intrauterine system (IUS; Mirena) is associated with abnormal vaginal flora or genital symptoms. One hundred and seventy-two women were assessed for symptoms and abnormal vaginal flora prior to and at intervals after insertion of either a copper IUCD or an IUS. Women were significantly more likely to have developed an abnormal vaginal discharge 4-6 weeks after insertion of an IUCD compared with an IUS (27% cf. 14%, P = 0.04), although this trend was not significant six months postinsertion. More women with an IUCD developed BV compared with an IUS at 4-6 weeks and six months. However, there were insufficient numbers of women with BV to demonstrate any significant difference between the vaginal flora of the two groups.
Int J STD AIDS 2009 Jun
PMID:Do users of the intrauterine system (Mirena) have different genital symptoms and vaginal flora than users of the intrauterine contraceptive device? 1945 30

The genital area in women is covered by a keratinized squamous stratified epithelium outside the body (vulva), and a non keratinized epithelium inside the body (vagina). These characteristics can have an effect on the clinical aspects of the diseases and/or on the choice of the treatment. Symptoms (itching, pain, vaginal discharge), preferential localisation of skin diseases (psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis, irritative dermatitis) and the aspect of primary lesions are to be investigated. The implication of this region in sexual activity places it at risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and dyspareunia. These have numerous causes that have to be sought and taken care of, often by multidisciplinary teams. After a careful history and clinical examination, additional tests allow to exclude infections or confirm a skin condition or neoplasia by a skin biopsy. If contact dermatitis is suspected, specific allergy testing is done. Treatment starts with correction of harmful habits (excessive use of soaps, inappropriate cosmetic products,...) that add to the local irritation. Patients are then reassured of common misconception regarding cancer, STD's and fertility. In the vast majority of cases, the treatment will target an infection (fungal, bacterial, STD's), will relieve irritation by the use of local immunosuppressant drugs (local corticosteroids) and/or relief itching symptoms with anti-histamine drugs.
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PMID:[How to diagnose and how to treat diseases of the genital mucosa?]. 1989 85

This study attempted to assess the risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS among female garment workers aged 15-24 years.A total of 300 garment workers in Dhaka city were assessed with a semi-structured interview. Their knowledge of HIV/AIDS was moderate with high rates of misperception regarding modes of transmission. Further, symptoms of possible sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as genital ulcer disease and vaginal discharge were prevalent, and risk behaviours such as low use of condoms, multiple sex partners and drug abuse were also found. Logistic regression identified that women who sourced information through radio/television, health service providers or friends had higher age at first intercourse and higher HIV/AIDS knowledge scores and were more likely to use condoms. Those who gained information through radio/television or health service providers and those who abused drugs were more likely to have sex with multiple sex partners, while information gained through health service providers, and higher HIV/AIDS knowledge were protective against drug abuse, whereas sex with multiple partners was a predictor of drug abuse. We conclude that in Bangladesh, female garment workers are at risk of HIV/AIDS due to low education, lack of knowledge, STIs and risky behaviour.
Int J STD AIDS 2010 Feb
PMID:An assessment of risk behaviours to HIV/AIDS vulnerability among young female garment workers in Bangladesh. 2009


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