Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The physician of an orphanage in Afgoye, 30 km from Mogadishu, Somalia, noticed vaginal discharge in 95 of the 500 girls at the orphanage in September 1987. A Somali-Italian investigative team took vaginal specimens from the 95 girls. Laboratory personnel isolated Neisseria gonorrhoea in 56% of the 95 6-14 year old females (53) who all lived in 2 adjacent dormitories. They found that all the bacterial isolates were of the N. gonorrhoea WI serogroup and Aedih serovar. The physician prescribed penicillin treatment for all the girls. Contact tracing revealed that a male guardian was the source of gonorrhea. Some children had already accused him of sexually abusing them. Orphanage officials had transferred him 1 week before the arrival of the investigative team. His room had been very near to the 2 dormitories for only a few weeks before the investigative team arrived. In this short time, his sexual abuse effected this cluster of infections. This supports the present theory of gonorrhea epidemiology that a core group of infectious people are most likely responsible for most, if not all, of the continuing endemicity of gonorrhea. The infection rate was in range of the estimated probability of transmission (50-70%) during sexual intercourse from an infectious male to a female. The results showed that high resolution typing of gonococci has in addition to its scientific value a more practical value; forensic medicine and illustration that gonorrhea consists of smaller microepidemics.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:An epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Somali orphanage. 154 69

In a study to determine the significance of Bacteroides ureolyticus in the lower urogenital tract using a new selective and differential medium, this organism was isolated from 30.1% of asymptomatic men, 37.8% of men with genital warts, and 26.3% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Using the same selective medium B. ureolyticus was isolated from 49% of women attending the same genitourinary clinic with symptoms of vaginal discharge and/or pruritus vulvae, 44.1% of asymptomatic women, and 50% of asymptomatic women attending a local family planning clinic. Furthermore, this organism was isolated from 27.1% of women whose vaginal specimens isolated commensal organisms only, 43.2% with C. albicans, 59.4% with U. urealyticum, 74.4% with M. hominis, and 76.8% with G. vaginalis. On testing with the API ATB 32A test strips, 86% of the positive isolates of B. ureolyticus from the female genital tract were indistinguishable from those isolated from the male genital tract indicating that this organism is common to the lower genital tract of both sexes. These results indicate that B. ureolyticus is a commensal in the lower genital tract.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Significance of Bacteroides ureolyticus in the lower genital tract. 157 80

The efficacy and safety of ofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily for 7 days, was compared with metronidazole, 400 mg twice daily for 7 days, for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Diagnosis of BV was confirmed by at least 3 of the following 4 criteria: the presence of an abnormal vaginal discharge on examination, clue cells on microscopy of vaginal specimens, vaginal pH greater than 5.0 and a positive amine test. Vaginal specimens were examined for Mobiluncus spp, analysed for the succinate/lactate (S/L) ratio and cultured for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp. and Mycoplasma hominis. Patients were reviewed on completion of treatment (visit 2) and 14 days later (visit 3). The diagnosis of BV was accepted in 119 of 149 patients recruited, 60 of whom received treatment with ofloxacin and 59 received metronidazole. Sixty-two patients, 31 in each treatment group, completed the study. Diagnostic cure at visit 2 was significantly better in the metronidazole group with cure rates of 56% (metronidazole) vs 23% (ofloxacin) (P = 0.001); this was associated with higher eradication rates for G. vaginalis (100% vs 56%) and Bacteroides spp. (97% vs 49%). There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical cure at either visit 2 or 3 or in diagnostic cure at visit 3. Both treatments were well tolerated. We conclude that metronidazole is likely to remain the first choice of treatment for BV but ofloxacin offers a safe and effective alternative.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Comparison of ofloxacin and metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. 161 67

The US guidelines for prevention and management of the difficult to diagnose symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which affects approximately 1 million every year, include microbial etiology and pathogenesis, the magnitude of the problem in terms of epidemiology and financial impact, risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. The etiology of PID reveals multiple organisms, though mostly C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoea. PID includes acute, silent, and atypical. C. trachomatis has been isolated in 20-40% of PID cases, while N. gonorrhoea in 27-80% of cervical cases. Other anaerobic bacteria isolated, which comprise 25-50% of acute cases, are Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, and Hemophilus influenzae. PID results when organisms from the endocervix spread to the endometrium and fallopian tube mucosa. Contributing factors are IUD user's hormonal changes during menses (within 7 days of onset of menses), retrograde menses, and virulent characteristics of acute chlamydial and gonococcal PID. The estimated cost of PID for 1990 was $4.2 billion for 25 million in outpatient care and 275,000 hospitalized. Sexual practice related to the risk of PID are having sex with someone with STD, a young age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, a high frequency of sexual intercourse and new partners within 30 days. Barrier methods (mechanical or chemical) decrease risk. Inconsistent risk is associated with oral contraceptive use and douching, but IUD's have an increased risk of adverse consequences and further transmission. Recommended action is community health promotion of education, as well as prompt and available clinical service, partner notification, training of health care providers, and routine screening. Individuals must self protect. Clinical diagnosis is difficult and imprecise. Minimum criteria for clinical diagnosis are lower abdominal pain, bilateral adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness. Severe cases require oral temperature 38.3 Centigrade, abnormal cervical or vaginal discharge, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or C-reactive protein, culture for N. gonorrhoea and non-cervical tests for C. trachomatis, and optionally endometrial biopsy, tubo-ovarian sonography, and laparoscopy. Failure to meet these criteria should not be withholding therapy. Sensitivity to the emotional needs and careful follow-up are necessary. Inpatient treatment recommendations are broad spectrum regimens such as: Cefoxitin plus doxycycline; for outpatients, cefoxitin plus doxycycline or tetracycline (erthyromycin may be substituted).
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PMID:Pelvic inflammatory disease: guidelines for prevention and management. 203 5

Routine screening for sexually transmitted diseases in new patients attending the Genitourinary Clinic in Stoke-on-Trent includes a culture for Mycoplasma hominis (MH) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU). A retrospective study was carried out on 400 female patients to ascertain whether there were any significant differences between the group positive for MH and UU and the negative control group. The positive group were found to be younger on average, but to have similar sexual histories to the negative control group. An association was found between the presence of genital mycoplasmas and Gardnerella vaginalis. An odourous vaginal discharge was more common in the positive group. Erythromycin was ineffective in eradicating the organisms in 62.5% of patients with MH, and 70% of those with UU. Continuing work is required to identify those women in whom the presence of MH or UU could have pathogenic effects. Treatment regimens for this group of women need to be carefully reassessed, in the light of increasing antibiotic resistance.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 May
PMID:Evaluation of the significance of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in female genital tract infection--a retrospective case note study. 208 93

495 clients of 4 Manchester Family Planning Clinics, consulting for gynecological symptoms (194) or contraception (269), were examined to determine the prevalence of STD organisms and to rate signs, symptoms and laboratory findings for decisions about future screening. 38% of the family planning patients has symptoms of genital infection when asked. The 2 patients groups were combined, and signs and symptoms as well as laboratory results separated to establish criteria for lab screening. Among women with both signs and symptoms, 70% has positive laboratory findings. Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis occurred in 22-26% of women with vaginal discharge. 72% of women with vaginal pH 4.5 has trichomonas and/or clue cells compared with 15% of those with normal pH. Cervicitis or cervical contact bleeding was associated with trichomonas. Candida, but not clue cells, was linked with vaginal inflammation. N. gonorrhoea was isolated from 12 women (2.4%), 10 of whom has symptoms. These results suggest that women with high pH could be given metronidazole before laboratory confirmation; that bacterial infection can be diagnosed by vaginal discharge, high pH and clue cells; that cervical swabs are more accurate than vaginal swabs for determining trichomonas; and that cervical smears for cytology are equally good for trichomonas; and that the high prevalence of gonococci justifies use of a culture medium that will also support growth of Candida.
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PMID:A prospective study of genital infections in a family-planning clinic. 1. Microbiological findings and their association with vaginal symptoms. 230 84

The Gardnerella vaginalis-infection of the urogenital tract is of clinical importance in females and of epidemiological importance in males. Females suffer from Bacterial Vaginosis, with a foul-smelling grey vaginal discharge with a pH of 5.0-5.5 which contains "clue cells", and from Sepsis. The isolation and identification of G. vaginalis i necessary in man. If G. vaginalis-infection is suspected, simultaneous infections with further STD-agents such as N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis etc should be excluded. Metronidazole (1 g/day for 5 days) is the drug of choice in G. vaginalis-infection.
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PMID:[Gardnerella vaginalis infection. Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy]. 331 83

The Gardnerella vaginalis infection of the urogenital tract, an STD, is of clinical importance in females and of epidemiological importance in males. Females suffer from vulvovaginitis amine colpitis, with a bad-smelling grey vaginal discharge with a pH of 5.0-5.5, which contains "clue cells". The urethra of males is often asymptomatically infected. The identification of G. vaginalis is time-consuming and requires a lot of material. Isolation and identification of G. vaginalis can not yet be made in the routine examination of outpatients suffering from urogenital tract infections. If the diagnosis is based on signs such as bad-smelling grey discharge containing "clue cells", and the increase in pH about 20% false-positive and 20% false-negative results will be obtained. If G. vaginalis is isolated, simultaneous infections with further agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae etc., Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida species and HSV 2 should be excluded. Metronidazole (1 g/day for 5 days) is the drug of first choice in G. vaginalis infection.
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PMID:[Gardnerella vaginalis infection--another sexually transmitted disease]. 638 37

The occurrence of motile anaerobic curved rods in vaginal discharge was studied in 94 samples from women attending an STD clinic. Almost all wet smear preparations of discharge contained motile rods. Anaerobic curved rods were isolated from 46% of the samples. Of 28 specimens studied by culture and immunofluorescence, 21 were confirmed to harbour motile anaerobic curved rods. Culture was performed with a dilution and sampling technique that is too time-consuming for diagnostic routines, but it enhanced the precision of information on motile anaerobic curved rods in vaginal secretion. More selective and rapid methods for identification of these bacteria are desirable.
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PMID:Primary isolation of curved rods from women with vaginal discharge. 639 2

Motile anaerobic curved rods were cultured from vaginal discharge of 19 of 262 women attending an STD clinic. In 26 women, motile rods were observed by examination of wet smears. In all 5 specimens culture-positive for motile anaerobic curved rods of the long type, motile rods were observed in the wet smears, while in only 6 of the 14 specimens culture-positive for motile anaerobic curved rods of the short type, were motile rods seen in wet smears.
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PMID:Motile curved rods in women attending a STD clinic. 644 63


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