Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Female genital mutilation is perhaps currently the most dangerous traditional practice in terms of health. An estimated 100 million women worldwide have undergone this procedure, most commonly performed between the ages of 4 and 10 years old by a traditional birth attendant. In one study, acute complications occurred in 39% of procedures. Hemorrhage and infection leading to gangrene, septicemia, or tetanus are the main causes of mortality. Late complications are estimated to occur in 37% of women. Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and dysmenorrhea occur in 14-65%. Persistence of female genital mutilation is based, in part, on cultural beliefs about women, a perceived need to reduce sexual desire, and assurance of virginity and marriageability. Women who do not comply face social ostracism. In 1982, the World Health Organization recommended that female genital mutilation should not be carried out by any health professional under any circumstances. Although legislation outlawing the practice is important, it may be unenforceable in many areas. Key to the eradication of this practice are attitudinal changes through the education of both men and women and improvements in women's status.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Oct
PMID:Female genital mutilation. 931 Feb 17

500,000 cases of PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) are reported annually in the US, with 34,000 to 92,000 women becoming sterile as a consequence of the disease. In addition, the contraceptive methods women use during their exposure to PID-causing agents may directly affect their relative risk of developing PID, at an annual cost of $2.7 billion in health-care expenses. Another sequelae of PID is ectopic pregnancy. The STD epidemic years from 1965 to 1975 are projected to increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies to 50,000 a year, or one for every 60 live births before leveling off. By 1990, 1 out of 32 women will have had an ectopic pregnancy. Tubal occlusion can result in involuntary infertility. The National Survey of Family Growth estimates that the prevalence of infertile women aged 15 to 44 who are married and use no contraceptive method has increased in the past 2-1/2 years from 2.7% to 6.1%. These women number 142,000 annually and resort to nonsurgical sterilization, with PID as a major reason. Gonococcal PID accounts for 34,000 to 92,000 women becoming involuntarily sterile each year. However, over 80% of PID is nongonococcal PID, which is a worst disease. Chronic PID and infertility are found "more often in women who have had nongonococcal PID than in women who have had gonococcal PID." Etiologic organisms of PID include gonorrhea; E. coli, anaerobes and Chlamydia trachomatis.
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PMID:Rates of ectopic pregnancy, sterility follow PID rise. 1227