Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Orthostatic tolerance was measured in 20 lowlander Indian soldiers (sojourners) by recording responses of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and mean skin temperature (Tsk) to 70 degrees head-up passive tilt, initially at Delhi (260 m altitude) and thereafter at 3500 m at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. For comparison, observations were also made once on 10 acclimatized lowlanders (AL) and 10 high-altitude natives (HAN) at the same altitude. Among sojourners, the percentage of subjects showing orthostatic intolerance (OI) during tilt increased at high altitude in the first and second weeks; six subjects fainted in the first week as compared to one who fainted at sea level (SL). There was no incidence of fainting among AL or HAN and the percentage of subjects showing OI was very small. The magnitude of cardio-acceleration to tilt was higher in sojourners at high altitude (HA) and relatively less in AL and HAN. The systolic BP during tilt showed no change at SL or during the first and second weeks of stay at altitude in sojourners, but in third week showed a mild rise and was comparable to the responses of AL and HAN. The diastolic BP during tilt always showed a rise, although it was of a higher magnitude during the second and third weeks in sojourners as well as in AL and HAN. There was a fall in Tsk during tilt, which was of a lesser magnitude at HA. It has been concluded that there is a reduced orthostatic tolerance at higher altitude during the first week, due to hypocapnia, after which it is improved as a result of relative sympathetic hyperactivity and adaptation of the vasomotor centre to reduced PaCO2 level.
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PMID:Changes in orthostatic tolerance in man at an altitude of 3500 meters. 87 Dec 81

A study has been conducted on 20 sojourners, between the ages of 20-30 years, to evaluate responses of the autonomic nervous system during acclimatization to high altitude. The responses measured consisted of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), oral temperature (Tor), mean skin temperature (Tsk), cold pressor response (CPR), orthostatic tolerance to tilt, and urinary catecholamines. The subjects were tested initially at Delhi (altitude 260 m) and thereafter, on acute induction to an altitude of 3500 m periodically for 3 weeks. For comparison, the same responses were studied on 10 acclimatized lowlanders (AL) who had been staying at the same altitude for more than a year and on 10 high-altitude natives (HAN). The studies showed a rise in HR, BP, Tor, and urinary catecholamines, and a fall in Tsk, CPR, and orthostatic tolerance immediately on arrival at HA, indicating a relative hyperactivity of the sympathetic system. After a stay of 1 week, there was a gradual recovery in all the responses, though sympathetic hyperactivity was still maintained throughout the 3 weeks of stay. In AL also there was a preponderance of sympathetic activity, though of relatively lesser magnitude than that seen in sojourners. In HAN, on the other hand, there was a relative parasympathetic predomination. It has been concluded that in lowlanders it takes more than a year of stay at altitude for complete recovery of autonomic balance.
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PMID:Responses of the autonomic nervous system during acclimatization tp high altitude in man. 98 81

The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for HIV clinical disease were tested among individuals with high-risk behavior in northern India. A questionnaire, based upon history and physical examination alone, standardized by the WHO to include both major and minor signs necessary for the clinical diagnosis of AIDS in adults was applied to 165 consecutive patients attending the STD clinic of Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi. All patients were screened for the presence of STDs by the dermatologist in charge of the clinic, with patients fulfilling two major and at least two minor WHO criteria eventually classified as having clinical AIDS based upon the WHO case definition. Each of those patients was subjected to serological confirmation of the clinical suspicion using ELISA and Western blot commercial tests. Of the 165 patients screened, a definite diagnosis of STD was possible in 85. These patients were 20-45 years old (mean age, 30.59 years). All were male and chancroid was the most common STD in the cohort. Of the 85, only one satisfied the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS. Serological investigations, ELISA, and Western blot confirmed the subject's HIV-seropositive status. These results indicate that in northern India, clinical HIV disease remains rare even among individuals with high-risk behavior. The low prevalence of clinical HIV disease in that part of the country makes it difficult to assess the specificity and sensitivity of the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS.
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PMID:Surveillance of STD patients for AIDS using World Health Organisation criteria. 775 6

Data on HIV risk behavior, condom use, and HIV/AIDS awareness were obtained through a survey and interviews with 200 randomly selected truck drivers, 21 highway prostitutes, and 27 male prostitutes in Delhi and nearby areas during October 1990-December 1990. 302 randomly selected truck drivers were tested for HIV infection; none of the highway prostitutes consented to the HIV antibody test. A survey was again conducted among 100 randomly selected truck drivers in November 1991 and November 1992 to assess the levels of current HIV awareness and risk behavior. The drivers were aged 20-40 years, wayside prostitutes aged 32-40 years, and part-time male prostitutes aged 16-34 years. 60% of the drivers were married with families, as were all of the wayside prostitutes, and none of the male prostitutes. 78% of drivers admitted having multiple heterosexual partners, including prostitutes, and 5% admitted to regular homosexual sexual encounters. Only 20% of the drivers in 1990, however, had heard about HIV/AIDS. 25% of this subgroup was aware that HIV may be transmitted sexually, 28% of promiscuous drivers used condoms regularly, none admitted taking IV drugs, 35% reported histories of either urethral discharge or genital ulcers, and 3 of the 302 men tested were found to be infected with HIV. None of the 21 highway prostitutes had heard about AIDS, although 21 of the 27 male prostitutes had. All highway prostitutes admitted having at least one episode of unprotected sex with their sex partners in the previous fortnight, while all of the male sex workers would allow unprotected sex if their partners desired. Some male prostitutes were also paid blood donors. None of the prostitutes consented to having an HIV antibody test. The authors note that while HIV awareness improved in subsequent years, the practice of safe sex did not. 42% and 56% of the drivers had heard about HIV/AIDS in 1991 and 1992, respectively, but 77% and 68% were nonetheless engaging in occasional unprotected sex. Truck drivers engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners in rural India could be major vectors of HIV infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Long distance truck drivers in India: HIV infection and their possible role in disseminating HIV into rural areas. 803 17

HIV infection in India is firmly entrenched mainly among promiscuous heterosexuals and recipients of blood and blood products. Many female prostitutes are infected, with the prevalence of infection rapidly increasing within the subpopulation. Various interventions were therefore launched in different places in India to prevent the further spread of HIV. This study describes the effect of an HIV prevention intervention among female prostitutes in Delhi. An intense HIV awareness campaign was held among female prostitutes in Delhi during April-May 1988 involving group discussion, poster and pamphlet distribution, a short video film, peer counselling, and the counselling of madams, pimps, prostitutes, and young men who pose as prostitutes' husbands to provide emotional and physical security. At baseline, one woman among 701 serotested was identified HIV-seropositive. 5% were aware of HIV/AIDS and 20% used condoms regularly. In 1990, again, only one among 600 serotested was seropositive for HIV. 70%, however, were aware of HIV/AIDS and 50% used condoms regularly; 40% used condoms most of the time.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Experience of HIV prevention interventions among female sex workers in Delhi, India. 814 30

An immunoperoxidase test detecting Chlamydia trachomatis specific serum IgG and IgA antibodies, was carried out to determine its efficacy in establishing chlamydial etiology in 104 clinically diagnosed patients attending a major STD Clinic in Delhi. The patients consisted of 58 with nonspecific urethritis/cervicitis (NSU/NSC), 11 with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 23 with primary infertility in either male or female and 12 with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). IgG antibodies were tested at a dilution of 1:64 and 1:128 and IgA antibodies at 1:16. Although 27.7 per cent (5 of 18) of the controls had IgG antibodies (> or = 1:128), none had IgA, showing the IgA marker as 100 per cent specific. In 80.8 per cent of all the patients, active infection was detected, 81.0 per cent in NSU/NSC, 81.8 per cent in PID, 76.9 per cent in female infertility, 80 per cent in male infertility and 83.3 per cent in LGV patients. The immunoperoxidase test was found to be an extremely simple and rapid test especially suited for laboratories where facilities are limited.
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PMID:Usefulness of immunoperoxidase test for serodiagnosis of genital chlamydial infections. 850 77

A total of 17,824 sera were screened for the presence of HIV 1 + 2 antibodies by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) to determine (i) seroprevalence of HIV infection in hospital high risk groups (ii) time trend of HIV seroprevalence in STD clinic attendees (both STD patients and non STD patients), over a period of six years, (iii) relationship of the STD's with HIV seropositivity (iv) clinical profile and epidemiological characteristics of the AIDS cases. A progressive increase in the HIV seropositive STD patients showing a five fold rise over six years was seen. Most gave history of multipartner sex especially with female CSW's. The most common STD associated with HIV seropositivity was Syphilis followed by Chancroid and Gonorrhoea. All had HIV-1 infection. The AIDS cases (20) presented mainly with tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary. The mode of infection, both in the HIV seropositive and AIDS cases, was mainly heterosexual relationship followed by blood transfusion. In a few cases, infection was perinatally transmitted. In the limited number of HIV positive contacts studied, seven were confirmed as Western Blot positive. HIV infection, although a later introduction in Delhi compared to the coastal cities, has shown a clear increasing trend in the STD patients.
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PMID:Sero surveillance of HIV infection in high risk groups and in suspected AIDS cases in a New Delhi hospital. 946 34

The prospective study was conducted on 100 patients attending the Dermatology and Venereal Diseases Department of Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, to investigate the socioeconomic and behavioral factors that may influence treatment-seeking behavior for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). All the subjects were interviewed using a pretested, semistructured questionnaire. Results showed that socioeconomic factors affect the utilization of STD services in many individuals. Accessibility to health care services in terms of time and money were important determinants of treatment-seeking behavior of the patient. This present study clearly documents that the majority of patients (98%) were unaware of their diagnosis, treatment and the seriousness of their illnesses. Furthermore, the media failed to charge the treatment-seeking behavior of STD patients, though it was considered as an important source of public education on the various aspects of STD.
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PMID:Treatment seeking behaviour in sexually transmitted diseases. 1038 27

To design and apply a multi-method promotional package for enhancing awareness and knowledge on STD and AIDS among ITI trainees, and evaluate its impact, an intervention study, using pre and post assessment of the subjects for comparison was carried out. The study was carried out in the Industrial Training Institute (ITI), in a resettlement colony of Delhi. Urethral/vaginal discharge, genital ulcer and pain on micturition were identified as symptoms of STD by a significantly higher number of respondents in the post package sample. A sizable number of subjects included inguinal swelling and lower abdominal pain also as STD symptoms. The IEC intervention showed a significant improvement in knowledge about all four major routes of transmission of HIV/AIDS. Using condoms and avoiding sex with Commercial Sex Workers were reported as measures to prevent STD/AIDS by a significantly higher number of subjects after the intervention. A sizable number of subjects also included other measures (using safe blood/not sharing needles etc.) as well. There was a significant decline in the subjects preferring self treatment or treatment from a chemist shop in case one suffered with an STD. A significant increase was observed in those preferring treatment from govt. facilities or private allopathic doctors. However, the intervention did not seem to result in preference for alternative systems of medicine. The study demonstrated that exposure to intensive promotional intervention, even for a brief period can significantly raise awareness and knowledge of young people even on sensitive topics like STD and AIDS.
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PMID:Impact of a multi-method promotional package on awareness and knowledge about STD and AIDS among the trainees of an industrial training institute in a resettlement colony of Delhi, India. 1093 96

Surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes has important implications for the development of candidate vaccine and understanding the possible differences in the transmission and natural history of different subtypes. In this study, HIV-1 subtypes were determined for homologies in the C2-V3-V5 region by heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) in HIV-1 seropositive patients referred to the National HIV/AIDS Reference Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi, India. Of the 125 samples analysed, 98 (78.4%) were HIV-1 subtype C, 11 (8.8%) were subtype B', 3 (2.4%) were subtype A and 2 (1.6%) were subtype E. In 11 samples, subtype determination was not clear-cut. It is possible that these individuals may be infected with recombinant strains of HIV-1. These findings may have significant implications for the designing and testing of effective HIV-1 vaccine candidate in India.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Feb
PMID:Genomic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in India. 1183 66


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