Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment regimens for sexually transmitted infections continue to evolve. The natural history of syphilis in HIV-infected patients is leading to more aggressive policies in terms of both investigation and treatment. In particular, treatment protocols for late syphilis, especially neurosyphilis, are under scrutiny. Epidemiological change typified by the spread of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) has led to a search for new agents to treat gonorrhoea, with a more extensive use of cephalosporin and quinolone antibiotics emerging. The problem of compliance with the antibiotic courses presently required for chlamydial infection may be close to being solved with the development of newer macrolide agents. Single dose azithromycin, although expensive, seems to be as effective as longer courses with other agents. Furthermore, its efficacy in gonococcal infection is also encouraging. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) has led to rationalization of treatment policies for these conditions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Antibiotic chemotherapy of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in adults: a review. 806 Oct 86

Over a four-month study period, 87 patients requesting termination of pregnancy at a gynaecology clinic were offered screening for sexually transmitted diseases, of whom 63 accepted. A total of 41 infections were found in 34 women, the commonest being vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Chlamydia was found in six patients. Although HIV antibody testing was offered to every patient, all declined this test.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Screening for lower genital tract infections in women presenting for termination of pregnancy. 806 Oct 94

The presence of amines in vaginal fluid is thought to be an important contributory factor in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV). As part of on-going work investigating the aetiology of this infection, two separate studies were performed in which gas chromatography was used to measure and compare the amines present in the vaginal secretions of normal women, a group infected with BV and some having other sexually transmitted diseases. The amines studied were methylamine, isobutylamine, putrescine, cadaverine and phenylethylamine. The results of the studies were contrary to expectations, in that they showed an overall similarity in both normal women and in those with BV and other vaginal infections. These findings now bring in to question the validity of amines being a reliable focus, either in the diagnosis of BV, or in investigations into the aetiology of the disease.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:The determination of amines in the vaginal secretions of women in health and disease. 814 29

Of 6125 women attending an STD clinic from 1988 to 1991, 5365 (88%) were tested for vaginitis of whom 97 (1.8%) had trichomoniasis, 945 (17.6%) had candidiasis, 734 (13.7%) had bacterial vaginosis and 3628 (67.6%) were free of vaginal infection. Dual infections occurred in 49 (0.9%) patients. Independent predictors for trichomoniasis by multivariate analysis were being pregnant (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4), having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 4.7), being Aboriginal (OR = 4.3), being Asian (OR = 5.0), being unemployed (OR = 2.1) or tattoed (OR = 1.9). Many factors, including use of oral contraception (OR = 1.2) and current antibiotic medication (OR = 1.5), had a small significant association with candidiasis. Independent predictors for bacterial vaginosis were having multiple sex partners in the past month (OR = 1.6), being unmarried (OR = 1.5), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) being a prostitute (OR = 1.5) and not currently using antibiotic medication (OR = 2.5). The epidemiological profiles were consistent with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis being sexually transmitted diseases with epidemiology different from that of gonorrhoea and chlamydia and different from each other, and candidiasis being a disease in which constitutional factors are more important than issues relating to sexual transmission.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Factors associated with trichomoniasis, candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. 842 98

The history of bacterial vaginosis (BV), now extending over more than 40 years, has been remarkable not only in terms of repeatedly changing the name of the bacterium that we now know as Gardnerella vaginalis but also in relation to what is thought to constitute the condition, what it should be called and how the diagnosis can best be made. The composite clinical criteria are often confusing for the nonspecialist, provide room for inter-observer error, and misinterpretation of just one criterion can lead to considerable over or under diagnosis. There is no doubt that diagnosis should be through a Gram-stained vaginal smear, allowing detection not only of 'full blown' BV but also patterns of vaginal flora that while not in this category are nevertheless abnormal. Accurate diagnosis is important in view of the ever-growing list of other important conditions that may occur as a consequence of the abnormal flora. In addition to this, we raise the question of whether the name and abbreviation BV is the best either scientifically or from the point of view of the lay public. While recognizing that it now may be too ingrained for further change, is it possible to have a better term, at least for lay use?
Int J STD AIDS 1996 Jul
PMID:Defining bacterial vaginosis: to BV or not to BV, that is the question. 887 52

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of abnormal malodorous vaginal discharge and can be frustrating to manage in its recurrent form. Metronidazole is the standard treatment, but is unacceptable to many women when given repeatedly. Results of treating recurrent BV using a single vaginal washout with 3% hydrogen peroxide are analysed. A total of 30 symptomatic women with clinically confirmed recurrent BV in the absence of other genital infections were recruited after informed consent. Hydrogen peroxide (3%) was instilled into the vagina, left for 3 minutes and drained. Reassessment was at 3 weeks after treatment. A total of 23 women completed the study. Symptoms cleared completely in 78% (18/23), improved in 13% (3/23) and remained unchanged in 9% (2/23). All the 3 women with improved symptoms had a mild vaginal discharge, but only one of them was still able to perceive the malodour. The amine test was negative in all 23 women including the 2 (9%) who felt no change in their symptoms following treatment. Mixed anaerobes isolated in all women before treatment were not re-isolated, and microscopy did not show 'clue cells' in the vaginal discharge following treatment. Vaginal acidity was restored to normal in all but one (96%). No side-effects were observed in the treated women. Hydrogen peroxide (3%) used as a single vaginal wash was as effective as any other agent in current use in clearing the vaginal malodour of bacterial vaginosis at 3 weeks after treatment.
Int J STD AIDS 1996 Jul
PMID:Recurrent bacterial vaginosis--an old approach to a new problem. 908 37

Healthy female volunteers participated in an anonymous study to monitor vaginal flora by taking daily vaginal samples and making a smear for later Gram-staining, as well as recording information on genital symptoms, sexual activity, contraceptive and bathing practices. A modification of Spiegel's criteria was used to categorize the Gram-stained smears, an intermediate category between normal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV) being recognized. Of the 22 volunteers who completed the study, one was excluded because of pregnancy. Of the remaining 21 women, 10 (48%) had a normal flora throughout the study, 4 (19%) had an abnormal flora throughout and 7 (33%) had a basically normal flora which underwent a change to either an intermediate flora in 5 women or fully developed BV in 2 of them. In 5 (71%) of these women the change occurred within the first 9 days of the cycle. Transient changes in the vaginal microbial flora occurred predominantly in the first part of the menstrual cycle which suggests that in some women hormonal changes could have a role in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Aug
PMID:A longitudinal study of the vaginal flora over a menstrual cycle. 925 96

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age. In some women it shows a relapsing and remitting course with apparently spontaneous onset and resolution. There are intermediate patterns of vaginal flora in which lactobacilli and other species co-exist. We asked women with recurrent BV to prepare vaginal smears daily, and to record symptoms, time of menstruation, sexual activity and use of douches or medication. We Gram-stained the smears and assigned a Nugent score for BV, and noted the presence of candida, pus cells, sperm and blood. Eighteen women collected daily vaginal smears for up to 10 months. Forty months of slides were collected in total. Bacterial vaginosis arose spontaneously on 23 occasions. We saw candida arise 11 times. Bacterial vaginosis appeared after candida on 9 of these 11 episodes. We saw BV regress spontaneously 13 times. Nine of these resolutions occurred within 48 h of unprotected sexual intercourse: BV only arose on one occasion within 48 h of unprotected intercourse. The intermediate pattern was seen for up to 10 days, and occurred as BV began or resolved in some women, and sometimes resolved without developing into BV. Bacterial vaginosis arose most often in the first 7 days of a menstrual cycle, and resolved spontaneously most often in mid-cycle. In women with recurrent BV, BV arises most often around the time of menstruation and resolves spontaneously in mid-cycle. Recurrences often follow an episode of candidiasis, and BV often regresses after unprotected sexual intercourse.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Oct
PMID:Sex, thrush and bacterial vaginosis. 931 Feb 18

This is a study of 189 women attending a family planning clinic in rural South Africa to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized genital tract infections. Genital samples were taken from these women to diagnose infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Treponema pallidum, and HIV, and to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. Among the 189 women, 41 (22%) reported having had an STD treated in the preceding 12 months. By direct questioning, 74 women stated the following symptoms: genital itch -- 38 (20%); vaginal discharge -- 56 (30%); dysuria -- 33 (18%); dyspareunia -- 22 (12%); and genital ulcers -- 4 (2%). 45 (24%) women had more than one symptom. 119 (63%) women had at least one genital infection, and 49 (26%) had multiple infections. Most of the infections were asymptomatic; while those that were symptomatic, were unrecognized or not reported. Results showed a high prevalence of genital tract infection among the participating women, with most of their infections remaining asymptomatic or unrecognized. Thus, strategies to detect and treat genital tract infections in rural South Africa need to be developed.
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PMID:Family planning services in developing countries: an opportunity to treat asymptomatic and unrecognised genital tract infections? 958 84

Findings are reported from a study conducted to assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, among female prostitutes working at truckstops in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands of South Africa. The 145 participating prostitutes were recruited from 5 truckstops along the major national road between Durban and Johannesburg from August 1996 to March 1997. Their mean age was 25 years and they had been prostitutes for an average of 3 years. A gynecologic examination was performed upon each woman, including a speculum examination, and investigations were also conducted to identify gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and HIV infection. The examinations found that 50.3% of the women were HIV seropositive, 41.3% were infected with Trichomonas vaginalis, 40.6% had Candida albicans, 14.3% had Neisseria gonorrheae, 16.4% had Chlamydia trachomatis, 71% had bacterial vaginosis, and 42.1% had active syphilis. These findings point to the need for HIV/STD prevention interventions among both the prostitutes and their clients.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections among sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 971 13


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