Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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This study looks at the impact of reduced clinical services on infection rates in a small suburban genitourinary medicine clinic, and compares the rates with the national trends. Data were gathered from the KC60 reports and compared with national data on the Health Protection Association Website. Between 1996 and 2001, waiting time for appointments increased along with the number of patients not attending appointments. There was an apparent drop in the number of cases of chlamydial infection in contrast to a national increase; however, when the figures were adjusted for the fall in clinic size, a small rise was seen. The incidence of gonorrhoea, in contrast, rose in excess of national trends, and new HIV/AIDS diagnoses tripled. A disproportionate number of wart virus infections were seen. It seems that long waits for appointments and high DNA rates are skewing diagnosis rates for the clinic, and the shrinking service appears not to be meeting the community's needs.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Jan
PMID:A shrinking service: can it mislead people into thinking there is less disease? 1570 68

Few analytic opportunities have allowed us to evaluate the role that specific sexual acts and male latex condoms play in the acquisition of external anal warts (EAW) using longitudinal data. The acquisition of EAWs occurs from epithelial contact with other HPV-infected surfaces, and hence is dependent upon sexual behaviour. Our objectives were to classify the relative importance of condom use, receptive anal intercourse (RAI) and prior history of EGWs on acquisition of EAWs. The observational Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study followed 2925 men over nine semiannual study visits for behavioural and physical examinations with laboratory testing. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of examiner-diagnosed EAWs in a homosexual population. EAWs were diagnosed among 10% of men studied across 22,157 visits reviewed for this study. Men with history of EGWs were more likely than those previously unaffected to have developed EAWs (cOR = 2.4 (2.0, 2.9)), as were men who reported multiple anoreceptive intercourse partners (e.g., compared with men who reported no RAI partners, men with 1, 2-5, > or = 6 RAI partners had crude risk ratios 1.0 (0.8, 1.3), 1.6 (1.2, 2.1), 3.9 (2.7, 5.8), respectively). These relations persisted after other demographic and sexual risk factors were controlled for in the analyses. Consistent condom usage showed no protective effect for EAWs in our crude or adjusted analyses. Patient education messages should be tailored to reflect our uncertainty about the protective nature of condoms for the development of anal warts, but to continue to assert the protective effects of a limited lifetime number of sexual partners and the heightened risk for wart recurrence once infected.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Mar
PMID:How condom use, number of receptive anal intercourse partners and history of external genital warts predict risk for external anal warts. 1582 20

This was a cross-sectional survey that collected data relating to management of anogenital warts (AGW) during a single-patient visit only at genitourinary medicine clinics. Single-agent use of cryotherapy, podophyllotoxin and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were the most common treatment modalities, accounting for over two-thirds of all modalities used. Podophyllin, alone or in combination with other agents, was used for about 20% of first-line treatments. Podophyllin was included in about 15% of all treatment modalities. Guidelines for the management of AGW continue to recommend the use of podophyllin, but this may need to be modified in the light of recent publications. Podophyllin, TCA, podophyllotoxin or combinations of these agents are commonly used to treat keratinized warts. About 11% of all treatments involved a combination of two or more agents.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Mar
PMID:A cross-sectional survey of treatment choices for anogenital warts. 1582 21

Linear epidermal naevus (LEN) in the genital area is quite rare. It may present at birth or appear later on in life, in infancy or childhood and occasionally for the first time in adult life. There are several variants of epidermal naevi (EN), which, to the less experienced, can be mistaken for warts. When extensive, it can be associated with abnormalities in other organ systems (epidermal naevus syndrome). The definitive treatment of LEN is surgical ablation with excision of underlying dermis, but this frequently leads to scarring. Laser therapy is an alternative treatment modality and good results have been shown. We report an unusual case of LEN in the genital area in a 60-year-old man presenting as genital warts.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Mar
PMID:A case of linear epidermal naevus presenting as genital warts--a cautionary tale. 1582 31

Genital warts are the commonest sexually transmitted viral infection seen in genitourinary medicine clinics. As common as warts are, with extensive previous studies, literature searches on genital warts in transsexuals were unfruitful. Due to the nature and rarity of such a case, it was felt that it would be interesting to detail its management.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 May
PMID:Genital warts in a transsexual. 1594 73

The objective of this study was to examine the knowledge and misinformation about human papillomavirus (HPV) and differences in sexual risk practices. Self-report surveys assessing the history of HPV/genital warts and sexual practices were completed by 1065 gay/bisexual men in New York City. Of the men reporting a history of HPV, genital warts, or both, the majority reported having warts but not HPV, demonstrating inaccurate knowledge. A significantly greater percentage of men who reported both HPV and warts (HPV+) reported having unsafe sex compared with men reporting neither (HPV-) and men reporting warts but not HPV (HPV+ uninformed). HPV+ and HPV+ uninformed men reported significantly more men non-primary sex partners in the past three months than HPV- men. Findings indicate that many gay/bisexual men, a population at risk for HPV, are misinformed about its various permutations. Men who are HPV+ report increased sexual risk practices and more sexual partners. Comprehensive gay men's health programmes must include HPV education.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Oct
PMID:Knowledge of human papillomavirus and effects on sexual behaviour of gay/bisexual men: a brief report. 1621 21

The aim of this study was to determine whether our sexual health service could be streamlined by dispensing with routine vaginal examination of asymptomatic women, without missing important diagnoses. This was an audit of asymptomatic women presenting to the centre who had had a Papanicolaou (PAP) smear in the previous two years. Of the 421 women who were eligible, no abnormalities were found on genital inspection in 392 (93%) individuals. Abnormalities detected on clinical examination included one case (0.2%) with mucopurulent cervicitis that tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis, four (1%) with warts or molluscum contagiosum, and one with an asymptomatic genital ulcer of unknown cause. Dispensing with the vaginal examination in asymptomatic women who have had a speculum examination as part of biennial cervical screening may be appropriate in settings where sensitive non-invasive testing for sexually transmitted infections (STI) is in use and STI prevalence is low.
Int J STD AIDS 2006 Sep
PMID:Is routine vaginal examination necessary for asymptomatic women attending sexual health services? 1694 56

This paper describes the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) recorded in the Weekly Returns Service (WRS) between 1994 and 2001. There were approximately 76,500 new diagnoses of STIs (7500 males, 71,000 females) and associated syndromes. Candidiasis was the commonest condition reported in males and females followed by pelvic inflammatory disease. The ratio of males to females was 7.1 for non-specific urethritis, and 9.1 and 2.1 for Reiter's syndrome and pediculosis pubis, respectively. The incidence of anogenital warts and genital herpes changed little over time. New diagnoses of genital herpes were higher in females than in males (ratio 2.8:1), whereas the mean annual incidence of genital warts was similar in males and females. The WRS provides an insight into the burden of STI diagnoses, and diagnoses related to STIs that are managed in general practice, and as such has the potential to make a substantial contribution to STI surveillance in England.
Int J STD AIDS 2006 Oct
PMID:Surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases in general practice: a description of trends in the Royal College of General Practitioners Weekly Returns Service between 1994 and 2001. 1705 40

A fortnightly in-reach genitourinary (GU) medicine Service to a medium security male prison has been provided since April 2004. Patients are seen either by referrals from the prison general practitioner (GP), or at an individual's request. Problems have arisen due to a lack of space and time - the health adviser and doctor have to share a room. Since the prisoners have to leave Health Care by 1130 hours, if one inmate has complicated issues, it can result in these not being dealt with, or in patients not being seen as there is no flexibility. There has been an unexpectedly high DNA rate, which is multifactorial. Some prisoners have been moved to another prison since the request to be seen was made, some are on court attendances or have legal visits. Additionally some men choose not to come when sent for on the day. A few men who attend do so mistakenly, thinking that GUM is the dentist. This is particularly a problem where English is not the first language. The attendance of prisoners at the GU medicine service is noted in their prison health record, with relevant information, such as referral for management of hepatitis C. Of the 219 men seen in the first year, 55% had a GU medicine screen. The most common infections were chlamydia 10.5%, warts 12.1% and HCV 9%. The clinic has been well supported by patients and prison staff. High rates of infections are being detected and managed. The men have been happy to be screened, and despite initial concerns all are happy to provide urine specimens for chlamydia screening.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Apr
PMID:Experience of setting up a genitourinary medicine in-reach clinic in a male prison. 1750 70

Our purpose was to investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution using the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) Microplate assay in males. We tested a urethral swab from 550 HIV-negative males with genital warts and 64 HIV-negative males clinically free of genital warts, partners of HPV-infected females, using the HC2 Microplate assay. A perianal swab was also obtained from patients with perianal warts. In the first group, HPV DNA of any type was detected in 280 (50.9%) patients. Relatively few patients with urethral or perianal warts demonstrated a negative test (both P < 0.0001). Low-risk types were commoner, accounting for 60.0% of the HPV cases, high/intermediate-risk types accounted for 23.6%, while 46 men (16.4%) were infected with both types. Of 13 subjects (20.3%) of the second group who tested positive for HPV DNA, 61.5% were infected by low-risk types, 23.1% by high/intermediate-risk types and 15.4% had a dual infection. In conclusion, male partners of infected females and males with genital warts are predominantly infected by low-risk HPV types, but a substantial proportion is also or only affected by high-risk types.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 May
PMID:Human papillomavirus assay in genital warts--correlation with symptoms. 1752 94


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