Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Five hundred consecutive male patients with suspected urethritis were studied using the two-glass test for posterior urethritis. During the study period no cases of urethritis would have been missed using one glass only and clinical policy was changed following this audit. The two-glass test is traditionally used in genitourinary medicine clinics but we are unable to find evidence of a scientific basis for its use.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Sep
PMID:An audit of the 'two-glass' test for urethritis. 1459 78

We determined the prevalence of three emergent urogenital mycoplasma species (M. fermentans, M. penetrans, and M. genitalium) in comparison to the most common species (M. hominis and U. urealyticum). M. genitalium is probably the third most frequent agent of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men. It has been suggested that M. fermentans and M. penetrans play a role in the development of AIDS. We analysed the urine and the urethral swab samples from 106 HIV-1 infected individuals (HIV group) and 110 HIV-negative patients with NGU (STD group) by using PCR and culture methods. M. genitalium was detected in 0.9% of the urine and in 1.9% of the urethral samples from the HIV group, compared to 9.1% found only in urethral swab samples from the STD group. M. fermentans was detected in 5.7% urethral swabs from the HIV group and in 0.9% from the STD group. M. penetrans was detected in 6.6% urine samples from the HIV group. M. hominis and U. urealyticum showed infection rates of 7.5 and 18.9% in the HIV group, and 0.9 and 13.6% in the STD group. Overall there was a higher prevalence of mycoplasmas in the HIV group than in the STD group, but the significance of these results remains unclear.
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PMID:Higher prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients as compared to patients with other sexually transmitted diseases. 1101 4

The aim of this study was to screen healthy rural and urban Tanzanian men for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea, and determine the prevalence and the predictive value of urethral symptoms, signs and pyuria. In 2 cross-sectional surveys, 796 men were interviewed regarding symptoms and examined for signs of urethritis. Gonorrhoea was detected by culture/gram-stained smears, Chlamydia trachomatis by antigen immunoassay, and pyuria by leukocyte esterase dipstick test. The prevalence of chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea and pyuria among rural men was 9.6%, 0.4%, and 12.7%, and among urban bar workers 7.4%, 8.1% and 6.3% respectively. Among all, 0.6% had urethral discharge confirmed by examination, while 2.6% reported urethral discharge and 7.4% dysuria. Among chlamydia-infected men, 59 (89%) of the 66 cases did not have urethritis symptoms or signs. Similarly, 24 (88%) of 28 men with gonorrhoea were asymptomatic. Treatment based on the urethral discharge sign, would have detected only one out of 92 cases with gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia in these populations.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Oct
PMID:Asymptomatic gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection in a population-based and work-site based sample of men in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. 1105 38

Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms, widespread in nature. Several mycoplasma species have been isolated from humans. For 6 of them: Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, M. primatum, M. genitalium, M. spermatophilum and M. penetrans, the genital tract is the main site of colonization. This review is concentrated on the role of mycoplasmas as sexually transmitted agents, with the emphasis to M. genitalium infections. M. hominis and U. urealyticum are isolated from the genital tract of healthy men and women with considerable frequency. The biological features (attachment properties, possible intracellular location) and experimental inoculation studies of M. genitalium indicate that this mycoplasma has pathogenic potential. Data from case-control studies, looking at men with non-gonococcal urethritis and women with cervicitis, have revealed that M. genitalium behave similarly to Chlamydia trachomatis and have revealed that carriage of M. genitalium and C. trachomatis is usually independent of one another. M. genitalium could be considered as a potential cause of sexually transmitted urethritis in men, including men with persistent or recurrent urethritis. More studies are expected to ascertain the role of M. genitalium in the female genital tract. Evidence-based data are needed to decide whether current non-gonococcal infection treatment principles are applicable or not for M. genitalium infections.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Feb
PMID:Genital mycoplasmas, including Mycoplasma genitalium, as sexually transmitted agents. 1183 61

The use of nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis has made it possible to send urine samples instead of urethral swab specimens to the laboratory. The sensitivity is very high, but not 100%, and we continue to perform a test for urethritis at our STD clinic. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two alternative tests in the diagnosis of urethritis as predictors of C. trachomatis infection: the leukocyte esterase (LE) dipstick test of first-voided urine and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts in a methylene blue-stained (MBS) urethral smear. Urine samples from 480 male patients attending an STD clinic were analysed using the LE test and LCR assay for C. trachomatis; urethral samples were analysed with MBS urethral smear and LCR. The majority (75.8%) of the 480 patients examined were asymptomatic. Chlamydial infection was detected in 50 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the LE test for predicting C. trachomatis infection were 46.0, 91.6 and 39.0%, respectively, among all patients examined and 25.9, 95.8 and 33.3%, respectively, among the asymptomatic patients. The corresponding values for the MBS urethral smear were 76.0, 82.1 and 33.0% among all patients and 63.0, 89.6 and 32.7% among the asymptomatic patients. At our STD clinic we chose to perform the examination of MBS urethral smears in the diagnosis of urethritis because of its higher sensitivity relative to the LE test for predicting C. trachomatis.
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PMID:Urethritis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick test of first-voided urine and methylene blue-stained urethral smear as predictors of chlamydial infection. 1187 12

The occurrence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium was determined by molecular techniques in urine specimens from 182 black South African men who had symptoms and/or overt signs of urethritis. Eighty-six (47.3%) of these men were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. There were 185 men without overt evidence of urethritis, 16 (8.6%) of whom were also infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Of the 96 men who had non-gonococcal urethritis, 14 (14.6%) were infected with C. trachomatis, 16 (16.7%) with M. genitalium and only one with both microorganisms. In comparison, 15 (8.9%) of 169 men without overt urethritis and without N. gonorrhoeae were infected with C. trachomatis and 15 (8.9%) with M. genitalium, proportions that were about half the size of those in the group with overt urethritis.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 May
PMID:Observations on the microbiology of urethritis in black South African men. 1197 36

In 1986-1987, health workers at the Banaras Hindu University Hospital in Varanasi, India took gonococcal smears from both men and women so laboratory personnel could test for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoea (PPNG). None of the cultures tested positive for PPNG. They were detected in 3 cases in Varanasi in 1983, however. Nevertheless PPNG strains remained rare in Varanasi. The 1st reported case of PPNG occurred in Madras in 1981. In 1989, only 52 cases of PPNG had been reported nationwide. The researchers suggested that such a low yield of PPNG isolates may be due to underreporting of STDs in general and inadequate laboratories and equipment to culture gonococci at most centers. Furthermore, many health practitioners treat urethritis patients without laboratory confirmation and switch antibiotics at the 1st possible sign of treatment failure. The researchers proposed educating practitioners about wise use of recommended effective STD therapies to not deplete the antimicrobial reserve. In addition, researchers should conduct studies to determine the exact prevalence of PPNG strains in an area. They should also conduct studies on treatment failure rates with the 1st line drug of choice to monitor drug efficacy. For example, cure rates 90% should be unacceptable for gonorrhea. They concluded by advocating the provision of a test for penicillinase production at all centers in India.
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PMID:Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in India. 1228 32

I write in response to Dr. Gina Dallabeta's article with this title (HIV and STDs: How Are They Linked?). Prospective studies in sub-Saharan Africa have established the following: 1. Seropositive commercial sex workers have a higher prevalence of genital ulcer disease (GUD) and positive serology for syphilis. 2. Seropositive men with chancroid more frequently have a history of prior GUD. 3. Seronegative men with a history of recent contact with a commercial sex worker are more likely to seroconvert if they have GUD than urethritis. GUD increases the infectiousness of HIV. Similarly, there is increased susceptibility to the virus in cases of genital chlamydial infection and Trichomonas vaginalis. The mechanisms are basically two--mechanical and biological. Mechanically, the raw area resulting from the STD provides a portal of entry for the virus. Biologically, activated lymphocytes and macrophages enhance HIV shedding and increase the susceptibility of the individual to HIV.
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PMID:HIV and STDs: how are they linked? 1228 17

A recently released Johns Hopkins University study of AIDS in India finds that India may have the world's highest rates of HIV transmission. The study findings were reported by Robert Bollinger, M.D., and numerous other authors in the December 1995 issue of the Journal of Infectious Diseases. Study findings show that 20% of patients at Pune City Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics by 1993 had HIV infections. During 1993-95, 62 persons out of a total of 851 initially uninfected persons contracted AIDS, regardless of their having received STD treatment and AIDS awareness and prevention education. 85% of the 851 persons followed up were men, and about 60% of the women were prostitutes. The study estimated that the risk of HIV infection was over 10% per year among this population, which is one of the highest rates ever reported from such a risk group. The incidence of women's infections was higher (14.1% per year compared to 9.4% for men). Persons with recurrent genital ulcer disease (open sores) had a seven times higher risk than normal persons and a three times higher risk than persons with urethritis or cervicitis. Condom use during the previous three months of follow-up reduced risk by 56%. The concern about AIDS transmission is coupled with the concern about tuberculosis incidence. This research was funded by the Indian National AIDS Research Institute, Family Health International, and the Fogarty International Program. The World Health Organization estimates that India has over 1.5 million HIV infected persons.
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PMID:India faces major AIDS burden by end of decade. 1229 Nov 90

A major chlamydia study indicates that it may be cost-effective to screen for chlamydia trachomatis infections young women under age 24 or women with other risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases. The increased rates of chlamydia mean higher costs for family planning clinics, which often operate on limited budgets not designed to include regular chlamydia screening and treatment. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta published chlamydia guidelines in 1985, partly in response to the testing dilemma. The guidelines advocate empirical treatment of symptomatic clients, recommending that clients with any of the following symptoms be treated automatically with tetracycline, doxycycline, or erythromycin: nongonococcal urethritis; mucopurulent cervicitis; pelvic inflammatory disease; and epididymitis in men 35 years old or younger. Another resource may be available soon. A large-scale chlamydia field project in the Northwest is seeking to provide more extensive answers on the types of women who are at highest risk of chlamydial infection, and the project could provide data indicating that some women with specific risk factors should be screened routinely, regardless of symptoms. Susan DeLisle, chlamydia project manager for the Public Health Service (PHS) Region 10 Family Planning/STD Chlamydia Project, reports that clients who meet at least 1 of the following symptomatic criteria are screened automatically: clients who are having an IUD inserted; clients who have had visits for positive pregnancy detection in conjunction with a bimanual pelvic examination; clients who have been a rape victim within the last 60 days; clients who report their partner has signs or symptoms suggestive of urethritis; and clients who request testing. Patients with a presumptive diagnosis of chlamydia or a positive chlamydia test are given information on treatment and prevention at Public Health Health Service Region 10 Family Planning/STD. The information includes a brief overview of chlamydia and discussions of treatment, partner(s) management, feelings, and prevention.
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PMID:When is chlamydia screening necessary in family planning? 1234 99


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