Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study looked at inmates' self-reported data on prior treatment for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS risk among a sample of inmates in a medium security prison. Contingency tables were used and risk ratios were computed to provide an estimate of relative risk for inmates with a history of being treated for TB in opposition to inmates without a history of being treated for TB. Findings suggest that inmates who reported being treated for TB were more likely to have had sex with a man while in prison and to report that, while in prison, they had a main sex partner. They were also 1.15 times more likely to have had sex with a person from the transgender community while in prison and 2.53 times more likely to report having been forced to have sex while in prison than those without a past history of being treated for TB. Future studies should attempt to determine the extent to which having an infectious disease such as TB impacts behavioural change with respect to behaviours practised by inmates.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Aug
PMID:History of prior TB infection and HIV/AIDS risk behaviours among a sample of male inmates in the USA. 1293 79

IFN-gamma rapidly primes the macrophage via JAK1/2-STAT1 pathway so that it can subsequently undergo a slower classical type 1 activation upon exposure to T helper (Th)1 cytokines such as IFNgamma or other activators, including tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide, e.g. in intracellular killing of phagocytosed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. If instead it is driven by Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, it undergoes alternate type 2 activation, which enhances endocytotic antigen uptake and presentation, mast cell and eosinophil involvement and type 2 granuloma formation, e.g. in response to parasitic and extracellular pathogens. Particle-induced macrophage activation was shown to differ from classical and alternate activation, showing in DNA microarray experiments (complete linkage/ Euclidean distance metric analysis) upregulation of nonsecreted structural/signaling molecules and lack of secreted proinflammatory cyto- and chemokines. The switch-off (deactivation) of already activated macrophages is an active, controlled process in which IL-10 and corticosteroids play important roles and to which 15dPGJ2, PGA1/2 and vasoactive intestinal peptide often contribute.
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PMID:Regulation of macrophage activation. 1462 80

Little is known about the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the Central American healthcare system. We describe HIV-related admissions in a Guatemalan medical service. The study was conducted at Guatemala City's largest public hospital. Data were derived from standardized data collection sheets maintained by the HIV testing service and by HIV clinic physicians. Data were collected for 295 medicine admissions of 257 HIV-infected adults during an 18-month period in 1999 and 2000; 30% of the patients were women. Average age was 33 years. Only 12.5% of the patients had been diagnosed with HIV infection prior to 1999 and nearly all had symptomatic AIDS. 60.3% of the patients were diagnosed with HIV infection during their hospitalization. The most common discharge diagnoses were tuberculosis (13.9%), toxoplasmosis, diarrhoea, candida and other fungal infections, and meningitis. Mean length of stay for HIV-positive patients was 17 days. 23.7% of the patients died during their hospitalization; this was double the mortality of non-HIV patients. HIV-infected patients represented 5.8% of the total admissions of the general medical wards. In a country where HIV prevalence is thought to be less than 1%, AIDS is now responsible for over 5% of admissions to a large medical service at a cost of $500,000 per year. These findings underline the importance of HIV infection in Central America and demonstrate the utility of tracking hospital admission data as a method of surveillance.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Dec
PMID:The emergence of AIDS in Guatemala: inpatient experience at the Hospital General San Juan de Dios. 1467 88

A total of 183,912 persons were screened from September 1986 to May 2002 in and around Haryana, out of whom 1178 were reactive (0.64%) for anti-HIV antibodies. The overall incidence of HIV-1 in the seropositive patients was 98.5%, HIV-2 alone was 0.8% and 0.7% had a mixed infection with both HIV-1 and 2. High seropositivity (22.8%) was observed among the relatives of these HIV-positive individuals. The heterosexual route (78%) remained the predominant mode of transmission. Among the jail inmates only one individual out of 1306 (1986 to 1993) was found to be positive. Tuberculosis (46.7%) was the most common opportunistic infection in these seropositive patients. Significant titres of Venereal Disease Research Laboratory tests were observed in 8.8% seropositive patients, 7.9% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and only two patients were suffering from chancroid. Forty-six of these HIV-seropositive patients had already died. In order to cope with this epidemic, new models of care and cost-effective preventive measures are needed.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Mar
PMID:A 16-year study of HIV seroprevalence and HIV-related diseases in a teaching tertiary care hospital in India. 1503 64

Over the past three years many genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics have anecdotally reported large numbers of persons with insecure immigration or seeking asylum (PIISA) attending their facilities. We conducted a national survey to assess the prevalence and demographic background of PIISA who were attending GUM clinics in the UK during 2001 and 2002 and the effect on service provision. A questionnaire was circulated in April 2003 to 182 consultants in the UK of whom 128 (70%) responded. Amongst those centres that responded, 89 (69%) had provided GUM/HIV services for PIISA in 2002. One-third of clinics had accurate data collection systems and less than a quarter used computerized databases in order to identify the associated workload. Of the HIV-positive patients attending these clinics during 2002, 1140 (42%) were identified as PIISA. Eighty-two (95.3%) and 62 (48.8%) clinics had cared for PIISA from Africa and Europe respectively. Co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis was higher in patients from the PIISA group compared with the non-PIISA group (85% vs 15%, P = 0.001) for both 2001 and 2002. Clinics reported many problems associated with the service for PIISA. Forty-five percent of the clinics reported difficulties with funding for the increased workload associated with PIISA. The survey shows that GUM services have an important role in the management of PIISA and that the programme of dispersal is having a significant impact on the workload of clinics outside London. Services report that they are significantly overstretched and underfunded. An immediate investment in GUM services is necessary to improve the health of this client group. Any delay in diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections and HIV will have implications for public health and acute services.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Aug
PMID:Genitourinary medicine/HIV services for persons with insecure immigration or seeking asylum in the United Kingdom: a British Co-operative Clinical Group survey. 1530 59

In April, 2003 the World Bank approved a long-awaited $150 million loan to the Russian Federation to support tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS control. Although the Russian Federation accounts for a relatively small fraction of the global TB case-load the proportion of cases which are drug-resistant and particularly multidrug-resistant is very high in some regions. HIV incidence, principally associated with intravenous drug abuse, has also increased dramatically and this will impact upon TB control efforts. Federation-wide data are limited but a focus on one region shows something of the confluence of the epidemics of HIV and TB. Approaching 200 cases of HIV-associated TB have occurred in the past two years, and the age structure of the HIV-infected population and that with high rates of TB shows sizeable overlap. The region has high rates of multidrug-resistant TB which are likely to impact considerably on efforts to meet this emerging and complex public health challenge. Insights gained through the examination of this one region can tell us something of the magnitude of the challenge now faced by both the international community and Russia.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Oct
PMID:The 'bear trap': the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis and HIV in Russia. 1547 97

Declining drug costs and increases in international donor interest are leading to greater availability of antiretroviral treatment programmes for persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Ensuring adequate adherence to antiretroviral drug therapy is one of the principal challenges facing successful implementation in Africa, where 70% of the world's infected persons live. Tuberculosis and leprosy are two diseases of global importance whose control programmes can provide important lessons for developing antiretroviral drug adherence strategies. This paper examines various approaches used in tuberculosis and leprosy control which could help enhance adherence to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Nov
PMID:Antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: adherence lessons from tuberculosis and leprosy. 1553 53

HIV seroprevalence was carried out in 42,738 individuals attending the STD Centre of a New Delhi hospital from September 1990 to December 2001. The different epidemiological parameters of the patients in Group 1 (asymptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals) and Group 2 (AIDS cases), were compared in four spans A, B, C, D. Significant rise in seroprevalence from 0.4% to 4.4% was observed with time. The patients in Group 1 were mainly 15-19 years followed by 30-44 years age group. Overall, the Male:Female ratio in Groups 1 and 2 were 3:1 and 6:1, respectively. The transmission was predominantly heterosexual in both the groups. The patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) emerged as the most prominent category in Group 1, showing a steady rising trend till 1999 and stabilizing thereafter. Ulcerative STIs, mainly syphilis, showed maximum association. In most of the cases, the infection was acquired by promiscuous males from female commercial sex workers or casual acquaintances and further transmitted to their spouses. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection. However, patients presented with fever, loss of weight and diarrhoea in increasing number during time D. The present study reiterates the importance of early management of STI patients and counselling of high risk groups, early partner notification and routine antenatal HIV check-up in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS infection in third world countries like India.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Nov
PMID:Changing pattern of HIV infection in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. 1553 63

The HIV epidemic is emerging rapidly in Vietnam. We studied the prevalence of opportunistic infections by performing clinical and microbiological investigations in 100 hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Ho Cho Minh City, Vietnam. The median CD4 count was 20 cells/mm(3) and in-hospital mortality was 28%. The most frequent diagnoses were oral candidiasis (54), tuberculosis (37), wasting syndrome (34), lower respiratory tract infection (13), cryptococcosis (9), and penicilliosis (7). Bacterial (other than tuberculosis) and parasitic infections were uncommon. Regional differences should be considered when deciding which diagnostic procedures and prophylactic measures to implement. In Vietnam, routine mycobacterial blood cultures do not provide greater yield than chest radiography and sputum and lymph node aspirate smears. Prophylactic trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia may confer little benefit, and high rates of isoniazid resistance may affect the efficacy and feasibility of tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis. However, the usefulness of itraconazole prophylaxis for cryptococcosis and penicilliosis merits further consideration.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Nov
PMID:Opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study. 1553 64

Co-infection with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common, particularly in the developing world. Tuberculosis (TB) is the commonest co-infection in HIV-positive individuals, who are at increased risk of both reactivation of latent infection and acquisition of new infection. As the degree of immunosuppression increases, the risks of developing TB disease also increase. The patho-physiology, clinical picture, differential diagnosis and diagnostic tests are discussed, together with the interactions between antiretroviral therapy and anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. Indications for chemoprophylaxis and vaccination against TB are reviewed.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Feb
PMID:Co-infection with HIV and TB: double trouble. 1580 35


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