Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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As of December 1991, Cameroon has reported 827 cases of AIDS. The results from the Sentinel Surveillance System show a seroprevalence of 1.3% HIV1 among pregnant women, 2.5% in people attending STD clinic and 3.5% in tuberculosis patients. The World Health Organization projection model was used to make a short term projection of HIV infection and AIDS cases. Results show that the number estimated of HIV infected populations varies between 24 to 45,000 people by the year 1995. Results show also an estimated 8,500 cumulative AIDS cases. Even in a low prevalence country as Cameroon the impact of the HIV epidemic is important and will result in a burden for the health care system.
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PMID:[Short term projections of infection by the human immunodeficiency (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Cameroon]. 841 88

A scientist with the National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, addresses the fact that Australians working in the area of HIV infection have been very successful in prevention, treatment, and care. In the early 1980s, a bipartisan political decision was made to foster an effective partnership between HIV-infected communities, health care providers, and governments. HIV-infected communities included sex workers, prisoners, Aboriginal people, and high profile gay community activists. These three different groups succeeded in forming such a partnership, as reflected in the fact that the annual number of new HIV cases is down to 500 from a peak of 3000 in 1984. A key method used to contain HIV infection was needle-and-syringe exchange programs and continuing access to needles to prevent HIV transmission in the injecting drug community. Even though Australia has all this experience and success, it had a backseat role in ushering in the UNAIDS program because Australia did not contribute a significant share of the agency's relatively small budget (US$100 million/year). If Australia were to give just 10%, it would acquire a front row seat along with the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, France, and the UK. These nations have the greatest say as to where UNAIDS funds go. The Australian international aid organization has recently received an increase in funds, $110 million for 4 years to spend on four areas, one of which is HIV/AIDS. Australia has just allocated $25 million for a 5-year program for HIV/STD (sexually transmitted disease) prevention in Indonesia. This money would have been able to buy Australia a leading role in UNAIDS. Australians need to reassess their priorities. Australians can help their neighbors in the Asia-Pacific region move away from their denial of HIV to HIV prevention and care. They can conduct clinical trials of shorter and more user-friendly regimens of antiviral drugs that may lead to reduced perinatal transmission and research on microbicides. They can prevent tuberculosis and introduce manageable methods of securing safe blood supplies and mass screening.
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PMID:Australia's role in HIV prevention in the developing world. 861 7

The World Health Organization estimates that there are now more than 1.75 million HIV-infected adults throughout India and that by the year 2000, India will have more AIDS cases than any other country in the world. The predominant HIV-1 subtype in India is C. HIV-1 subtype C replicates especially well in Langerhans cells, which are found in genital mucosal epithelium and are thought to be the cells through which vaginal infection occurs. Core groups, such as prostitutes, play a critical role in the heterosexual spread of HIV, the dominant mode of transmission in India. The second most important, and preventable, mode of transmission is through infected blood and blood products. 6-20% of HIV-positive samples from STD clinic attenders in Pune and Bombay are HIV-2 reactive either alone or in combination with HIV-1, the first evidence for a substantial spread of HIV-2 outside of Africa. The clinical presentation of AIDS in India is broadly similar to that found in other developing countries, with tuberculosis the most important HIV-associated infection. The epidemic has started to spread out of high-risk groups in the major cities and into the general population and to rural areas. This expansion must be immediately contained in order to avoid what will otherwise be a major catastrophe.
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PMID:HIV epidemic in India: opportunity to learn from the past. 870 64

A retrospective study of 55 HIV-1 seropositive African patients living in the UK, seen between January 1986 and November 1993, showed a total of 26 (47%) patients with AIDS. Thirty-one (56%) had symptomatic HIV disease at the time of presentation of whom 19 (34.5%) had an AIDS defining condition. Tuberculosis was the most common AIDS defining illness, accounting for 27% of all initial AIDS diagnoses, followed by by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and oesophageal candidiasis in 19% each and chronic mucocutaneous genital herpes in 15%. The mean CD4 count at the time of the first AIDS defining event was 91 x 10/mm3 (range 4-320 x 10/mm3). The profile of AIDS defining illnesses was different to published data of homosexual men and injecting drug users in the UK. This has practical implications when considering differential diagnoses and screening as well as prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in this group of patients.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:AIDS defining conditions in Africans resident in the United Kingdom. 865 11

The purpose of this study was to establish the extent of undernotification of tuberculosis in AIDS patients resident in 2 inner London local authorities. For residents of the 2 authorities, statutory notifications of tuberculosis between 1986 and 1992 were compared, using soundex codes of surnames, sex and year of birth, with AIDS cases reported to the Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) AIDS Centre during the same period where TB had been recorded on the AIDS report form. In 36 of 613 AIDS cases reported as residents of the 2 authorities tuberculosis was recorded on the AIDS report form. Matching revealed that only 2 (6%) of these cases had been notified to the local authority. These results highlight the need to resolve the dilemma between concerns about patient confidentiality and the statutory requirement to notify tuberculosis so that clinical management of contacts can be undertaken and the true impact of HIV infection on the incidence of tuberculosis in the UK can be elucidated.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Undernotification of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. 865 15

Serosurveillance of high risk groups started in India in October 1985. The first positive cases were detected in 1986. As of mid-1994, official figures stood at 15000 HIV positive cases and 559 cases of AIDS. This is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. Among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. Between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in STD clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. The penetration into the general population is uncertain. As in Africa, infection has been mainly by heterosexual intercourse, with commercial sex workers, long distance truck drivers and migrant labour serving as vehicles of spread. Other routes of infection are transfusion of blood and blood products and i.v. drug use. Dependence on professional blood donors is the main cause of infected blood supplies. Ninety per cent of cases with HIV infection are aged between 15 and 45 years and belong to socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The male to female ratio is 5:1, with female cases being mainly sex workers. The predominant virus is HIV-1 but cases with HIV-2 and mixed infection are being reported from port cities. The present situation in India is similar to the early pattern in Africa where a sharp increase in seroprevalence among high risk groups was followed by spread to the general population. Clinical AIDS is still infrequent. From experience so far, pulmonary tuberculosis has been the most common clinical presentation. So far AIDS associated tuberculosis has responded to standard therapy but the development of multi-drug resistant mycobacteria and their spread to the large tuberculous population in the country is a potential threat. Key factors of AIDS/HIV prevention are public education and counselling about the infection and safe sex practices, especially in high risk groups; STD control; promotion of voluntary blood donation and adequate screening of blood products and general and equitable progress in the economic development of the country and its people-much high risk behaviour is driven by poverty.
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PMID:HIV and India: looking into the abyss. 867 31

In India, physicians examined and screened 100 AIDS patients aged 12-55 admitted to Government General Hospital in Madras for opportunistic infections as part of a study to document the characteristics of AIDS patients in Tamil Nadu State. 58% were 21-30 years old. The male/female ratio was 2:1. 94% had acquired HIV via heterosexual intercourse. 81% of all patients had multiple sex partners and unprotected penetrative sex. Around 66% had more than one opportunistic infection. The most common opportunistic infection was tuberculosis (61%), especially pulmonary tuberculosis (46%), followed by oral candidiasis (41%), cryptosporidial diarrhea (16%), and fungal infection of the skin (16%). The tuberculosis in most AIDS patients was reactivation of previously acquired tuberculosis. All tuberculosis patients responded well to standard treatment. The most common organism causing opportunistic infections was Staphylococcus pyogenes. Obstacles to acquiring more information about characteristics of these AIDS patients included the taboo of talking about sex and limited laboratory facilities. Clinicians should consider HIV in the differential diagnosis and management of all persons with tuberculosis.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Spectrum of opportunistic infections among AIDS patients in Tamil Nadu, India. 884 6

A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 49 male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected intravenous drug users attending the Infectious Diseases Unit of the National University of Malaysia during 1991-94 yielded a clinical profile of these patients. The mean age of respondents was 33.2 years and the mean duration of intravenous drug use was 12.7 years. On average, these men had known of their HIV-positivity for 53.2 weeks. Intravenous drug use was the only reported HIV risk factor in 34 men (69%). Clinical symptoms at intake included fatigue (49%), weight loss (47%), night sweats (31%), fever (14%), and diarrhea (6%), while clinical findings included hepatomegaly (57%), lymphadenopathy (35%), and oral thrush (29%). Anemia (82%), leucocytosis (53%), hypoalbuminemia (43%), hyperglobulinemia (88%), elevated liver enzymes and hyponatremia (57%) were frequent laboratory findings. The prevalences of hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasma infection were 12.1%, 72.7%, and 59%, respectively. A total of 91 diagnoses were made in these 49 patients: most common were pneumonia, tuberculosis, bacteremia, infective endocardiditis, mycotic aneurysm, and psychiatric disorders. The mean duration of known progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the 7 patients at this stage was 391 days. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most common AIDS-defining illness. Three months into the study, 19 men (57%) had defaulted, reflecting the difficulties of involving drug addicts in research and intervention projects. Moreover, 16 patients (33%) were first confirmed HIV-positive at presentation to the hospital, suggesting that many drug users' HIV status remains unknown until they develop symptoms requiring hospital care.
Int J STD AIDS 1997 Feb
PMID:A study of Malaysian drug addicts with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 906 11

HIV-1 group O is endemic in the west central region of Africa, where the frequency of infection is estimated to be 3-10% of all HIV-1-infected individuals. However, international travel and immigration have led to group O cases being identified in France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and the US. With the exception of an infected French woman, all reported group O-infected individuals originate from or have a connection to west central Africa. Since most immunoassay reagents are based upon HIV-1 group M, many HIV immunoassays have lower sensitivity for the detection of group O infections. Serum samples were collected from patients at hospitals, tuberculosis (TB) clinics, and STD clinics in endemic regions of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea in a study of the sequence divergence with group O isolate infections. Screening of the 1086 samples using a range of research and commercial immunoassays found 255 to be HIV-1 seropositive. On the basis of differential reactivity in the various immunoassays, 8 individuals were identified as potentially being infected with group O virus, of which 4 were drawn from TB patients. 7 of the group-O samples were then subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to verify group O infection. The gp41(env) immunodominant region was successfully amplified and sequenced from 4 of the 7 samples, 2 of which were from the TB patients; 4 of 1086 samples were definitely infected with HIV-1 group O.
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PMID:Sequence of gp41env immunodominant region of HIV type 1 group O from west central Africa. 919 85

A total of 17,824 sera were screened for the presence of HIV 1 + 2 antibodies by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) to determine (i) seroprevalence of HIV infection in hospital high risk groups (ii) time trend of HIV seroprevalence in STD clinic attendees (both STD patients and non STD patients), over a period of six years, (iii) relationship of the STD's with HIV seropositivity (iv) clinical profile and epidemiological characteristics of the AIDS cases. A progressive increase in the HIV seropositive STD patients showing a five fold rise over six years was seen. Most gave history of multipartner sex especially with female CSW's. The most common STD associated with HIV seropositivity was Syphilis followed by Chancroid and Gonorrhoea. All had HIV-1 infection. The AIDS cases (20) presented mainly with tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary. The mode of infection, both in the HIV seropositive and AIDS cases, was mainly heterosexual relationship followed by blood transfusion. In a few cases, infection was perinatally transmitted. In the limited number of HIV positive contacts studied, seven were confirmed as Western Blot positive. HIV infection, although a later introduction in Delhi compared to the coastal cities, has shown a clear increasing trend in the STD patients.
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PMID:Sero surveillance of HIV infection in high risk groups and in suspected AIDS cases in a New Delhi hospital. 946 34


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