Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of the study was to measure the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) activity in vaginal lavage fluid of women with vaginitis/vaginosis and in healthy pre- and post-menopausal controls. Also to analyse the LD isoenzyme patterns in such samples and compare the influence on the LD activity by different storage and sampling methods. Twenty of the women studied, who had no signs of inflammation as evidenced from vaginal wet smears, were pre-menopausal and 8 post-menopausal. Fifty-eight non-pregnant patients with vaginitis/vaginosis or non-inflammatory gynaecological conditions were analysed for LD isoenzyme patterns. The LD activity was correlated to vaginal pH. Furthermore, the LD activity was determined in another 100 women screened for Chlamydia trachomatis. Finally, the influence on the LD activity when sampling was made by a cytological brush vs vaginal lavage and analysed after different storage periods, as studied. The LD activity was elevated, i.e. >2 micro kat/L, in all but two of the women with leucorrhoea. Only women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) without leucorrhoea, had an increased LD activity. An increased vaginal pH correlated to the LD concentration. The LD activity was elevated in cases with vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, chlamydial cervicitis and senile colpitis. Storage of samples for up to six hours had no influence on the test outcome. Brush and lavage fluid samples did not differ with regard to the rate of positive LD tests. In healthy women, the LD activity is low and predominated by slow-migrating isoenzymes, i.e. LD 4 and 5. The LD activity is generally increased in cases of vaginitis and in women with BV and chlamydial cervicitis. In trichomoniasis, particularly high concentrations of LD 5, are found.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Apr
PMID:Lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in vaginal fluid in vaginitis/vaginosis cases and in healthy controls. 1271 98

The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of STDs among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. The subjects were 169 CSWs randomly selected from 18 brothels, majority of who were examined and investigated in their rooms. Another 136 women without symptoms who visited the special treatment clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan were selected as a normal control group. Vaginal candidiasis was the most common STD diagnosed in both CSWs and the control group. The other STDs in their order of frequency were HIV infection 34.3%, non-specific vaginosis 24.9%, trichomoniasis 21.9% and gonorrhoea and "genital ulcers" had an incidence of 16.6% each. Other important conditions were tinea cruris 18.9%, scabies 7.7% genital warts 6.5% and 4.1% of them had syphilis sero-positivity. All the 13 CSWs that had scabies, the 4 (36.4%) with genital warts and the 19 (67.9%) with "genital ulcers" had HIV infection. While there was no significant difference between the CSWs with vaginal candidiasis, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and the control group, the HIV positivity was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in CSWs than in the control subjects. These findings suggest that women who exchange sexual services for money can no longer be ignored, and should therefore be identified and made to participate in STD prevention and control programmes.
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PMID:Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Ibadan, Nigeria. 1275 65

We assessed the validity of a syndromic case management approach for reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among 371 pregnant women attending antenatal care facilities in Kingston, Jamaica, using an algorithm previously validated in high-risk Jamaican women. For our antenatal attenders, the algorithm had low sensitivities for all RTIs (66.7% for cervicitis, 35.4% for trichomoniasis, 11.1% for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and 24% for candidiasis). Specificities for BV (88.9%) and candidiasis (81.1%) were higher than for cervicitis (62.8%) and trichomoniasis (68.5%). The positive predictive values were lower than 36% for all diagnoses, especially BV (6.9%). Syndromic management of RTIs in pregnant women was problematic using a clinical algorithm that had worked well for high-risk women. Syndromic management for RTIs in Jamaican antenatal clinics is only a temporary solution until more simple and affordable diagnostic tests for RTIs are developed and/or until laboratory support and clinical care can be upgraded at antenatal clinics.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Jun
PMID:Marginal validity of syndromic management for reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in Jamaica. 1518 80

A study on STDs was conducted among 211 female inmates in a prison in Lisbon, Portugal, in order to establish possible associations between Trichomonas vaginalis infection, sociodemographic factors and other STDs. T. vaginalis was found in 31.2% of the women, from whom only 65.1% presented symptoms. It was more frequently isolated in the 20-40 year age group. On univariate analysis there was an association, although not statistically significant, between the existence of T. vaginalis, multiple sexual partners, drug addiction and no condom use. A statistically significant association was found between trichomoniasis, prostitution and other STDs. These were found in 87% of all women. T. vaginalis was detected alone in 23.8% (15/63) of all women with trichomoniasis, while 76.2% (48/63) of them had multiple infections with trichomonas and other STDs. A statistically significant association was present between trichomoniasis and Mycoplasma hominis and infection with Treponema pallidum. This study showed that the prevalence of T. vaginalis is as high as that of multiple infections with other STDs. Therefore, our findings seem to confirm that trichomoniasis serves as a marker for other STDs. Screening for STDs should then be offered to Portuguese inmates, or, at least, these women should be screened for T. vaginalis, as a marker for the other STDs.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Sep
PMID:Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with sociodemographic factors and other STDs among female inmates in Lisbon. 1533 70

Two hundred apparently healthy sexually active women, 17-34 years of age, who had presented for a general health check-up at the Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, were asked about genital symptoms, sexual behaviour, contraceptive use and smoking habits, and examined for signs of genital infections. They were searched for genital chlamydial infection, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidosis, syphilis and HIV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine samples and the results were compared with direct immunofluorescence (DFA) and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for C. trachomatis in urethral, cervical and urine samples. In 56 (28%) women, an STD and/or an STD-related condition were diagnosed. The prevalence of genital chlamydial infection, trichomoniasis, BV and vulvovaginal candidosis was 4.5%, 0.5%, 17.5% and 7.5% respectively. On direct questioning 39 (19.5%) women reported symptoms suggestive of an infection, while 58 (29%) had signs that may have been caused by genital infection. In urine the PCR tests detected more (3.5%) chlamydia-positive women than the DFA (2.5%) and EIA tests (1.5%). The urine PCR test was as sensitive as the DFA when testing cervical samples. The chlamydia-positive women and women with BV were less likely to have a steady partner than the controls. No woman had syphilis or HIV infection. The women with BV were more frequent users of an intrauterine device and were more likely to smoke heavily compared with other women. STDs and STD-related conditions are common among adult women who consider themselves gynaecologically healthy. Screening for genital infections among women in reproductive age attending for health check-up could improve women's reproductive health.
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PMID:Gynaecological and microbiological findings in women attending for a general health check-up. 1551 78

Metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is an infrequent but challenging problem with no universally successful treatment. Since 1994, we have been using a combination regimen consisting of high-dose tinidazole plus a broad-spectrum antibiotic, i.e. doxycycline or ampicillin, and clotrimazole pessaries, for 7--14 days in this condition. A retrospective case review identified 11 cases of resistant trichomonas between 1994 and 2002. In the absence of resistance testing, resistance was defined clinically. Nine of the 11 patients were cured; one patient did not attend follow-up. In the women who attended for follow-up, the cure rate was 90%. We have found the combination of tinidazole, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, and clotrimazole pessaries to be a tolerable and effective treatment for metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Although a variety of total doses of tinidazole were used in our patients, based on our findings, and those of others, we would recommend giving tinidazole 2 g twice daily for 14 days (total dose 56 g).
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Jul
PMID:Management of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis--a new approach. 1600 28

The practice guideline on STD consultations from the Dutch College of General Practitioners sets out guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia-infection, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, genital herpes condylomata acuminata, hepatitis B, HIV-infection and pubic lice. Testing for Chlamydia-infection is always indicated if an STD is suspected but the necessity of also testing for gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis B or HIV-infection depends on the likely risk. For the diagnosis of Chlamydia in a symptomatic woman it advises taking material from the cervix and urethra. In an asymptomatic woman Chlamydia infection is excluded by means of a urine test. In men a urethral swab of the first part of the urinary stream can be used for diagnosis. The first choice of treatment for gonorrhoea is a single 1 g intramuscular dose ofcefotaxime. The practice guidelines also examine other aspects of treatment for STDs including counselling and telling partners.
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PMID:[Summary of the practice guideline 'The STD consultation' from the Dutch College of General Practitioners]. 1635 25

Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of one of the most common types of vaginitis, trichomoniasis. The incidence of trichomoniasis in developed countries has decreased substantially during the past decade, but high prevalence of this disease can still be found in rural and remote areas of Australia. Clinical manifestations of symptomatic women are generally non-specific, but include vaginal discharge, vaginitis and irritation. T. vaginalis infection has also been linked to the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Current diagnosis of T. vaginalis relies on the visualization of motile organisms in a wet-mount preparation. Culture is used mainly in reference laboratories. The latter two methods require viable organisms and would not be suitable for use where transportation of specimens can be delayed. Two real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridization probe PCR assays were used in this study to test for T. vaginalis DNA, targeting the beta-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes. We tested 500 randomly selected female patients, in an STD setting, for T. vaginalis DNA. The FRET PCRs targeting the beta-tubulin gene and the 18S rRNA gene detected 96 % (85/89) and 100 % (89/89) , respectively, of the positive specimens (first-void urine sample or genital swabs). Wet-mount microscopy was performed on 76 of these PCR-positive specimens and showed a sensitivity of 38 % (29/76). The prevalence, by PCR, of trichomoniasis was 18 % in this study. The two real-time PCRs developed in this study, targeting different genetic regions of the organism, provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection.
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PMID:Real-time PCRs for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis beta-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes in female genital specimens. 1751 Feb 62

A prospective study of genital infections was conducted in a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Hamedan City, Iran. A total of 540 women were recruited and divided into two equal groups: (1) the case group with vaginitis (N=270) and, (2) the asymptomatic control group (N=270). Participants were interviewed about the occurrence of any vaginal or urethral discharge. Two vaginal swabs were obtained for pH testing, KOH and wet mount examination, Gram staining and culture at the time of speculum examination. In the case group, the prevalence of candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis was 17.2, 18.1, and 28.5%, respectively. Measurement of vaginal pH in the clinic was the single most useful clinical finding for directing empirical therapy. No single specimen was found ideal for all pathogens; a cervical swab is better for Trichomonas vaginalis but a vaginal swab is needed for candida and bacterial vaginosis. To achieve STD control in this and similar populations, public health programs must target asymptomatic infections.
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PMID:A prospective study of genital infections in Hamedan, Iran. 1754 76

We followed 1000 sex workers in Madagascar for 18 months to assess whether adding female condoms to male condom distribution led to increased protection levels and decreased sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For months 1-6, participants had access to male condoms only; in the final 12 months, they had access to male and female condoms. We interviewed participants about condom use every two months and tested for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis every six months. Following six months of male condom distribution, participants used protection in 78% of sex acts with clients. Following female condom introduction, protection at months 12 and 18 rose to 83% and 88%, respectively. Aggregate STI prevalence declined from 52% at baseline to 50% at month 6. With the female condom added, STI prevalence dropped to 41% and 40% at months 12 and 18, respectively. We conclude female condom introduction is associated with increased use of protection to levels that reduce STI risk.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Jul
PMID:Temporal trends in sexually transmitted infection prevalence and condom use following introduction of the female condom to Madagascar sex workers. 1762 3


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