Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies in Indonesia have reported significant levels of STDs in low-risk urban groups. To gather data on rural women, a prevalence study was undertaken in Bali utilizing a women's health mobile clinic. Rural (n=312) women were tested for vaginal reproductive tract infections (RTIs) by on-site wet mount, for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis by unamplified DNA (Gen-Probe) test, and for syphilis by rapid plasma reagin (RPR). Results were: candidiasis 5.8%; bacterial vaginosis (BV) 37.2%; trichomoniasis 15.1%; gonorrhoea 0.7%; chlamydial infection 5.6%; syphilis 0%. Overall 55.1% had at least one RTI and 19.2% had at least one STD. Reported non-monogamy, pain with urination and genital lesions, observed cervical friability and cervical motion tenderness were associated with cervical STD infection (P<0.05). We conclude that there is a need for improved services for STD prevention and RTI/STD management in rural Bali, and for condom promotion.
Int J STD AIDS 2001 Jan
PMID:Reproductive health and STDs among clients of a women's health mobile clinic in rural Bali, Indonesia. 1117 82

The correlation between sexually transmitted infections and cervicovaginal dysplasia has been evaluated in a cohort of 135 women who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) and were admitted to Amedeo di Savoia Hospital of Turin during the years 1997 and 1998 (stages B2 and B3 or C2 and C3). Of these women. 31 presented with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; mean age, 33.5 +/- 5.9 years). Among them, 14 were affected by cervicovaginal dysplasia of differing severity; human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was found in 13 subjects (10 with cervicovaginal dysplasia). Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was detected in six women. Finally, Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans were found in 10 and in 6 patients, respectively. Immunologic and hematologic evaluations were performed in the patients affected by STDs; in 28 patients of our case report unaffected by STDs but of similar ages (34.1 +/- 5.6 years) and stage of infection; and in 20 HIV-negative women unaffected by STDs. A significant reduction among the patients affected by STDs, as compared to those unaffected, was found in the case of white cells, CD4+ T cells, and ratio values (CD4 +/ and CD8 + T cells). Moreover, red cell count and hemoglobin concentration were lower in those women in the STD group. A lack of correlation was found between HIV RNA loads and CD4 + T cell counts and between HIV RNA and hemoglobin concentration in the patients with cervicovaginal dysplasia and in those affected by HSV-2 infection, which differed from the findings in subjects affected only by trichomoniasis or candidiasis. This suggests that the two former pathologic conditions (cervico-vaginal dysplasia and HSV-2 infection), other than HIV- I infection, may contribute to the impairment of these values. Moreover in our case report, T vaginalis and HSV-2 infections, which are suspected to have an oncogenic potential, do not seem to be relevant in the induction or facilitation of genital neoplastic diseases. Noteworthy is that the patients affected by HSV-2 infection, such as those affected by genital neoplastic diseases, showed the most compromised values of total white cells, CD4+ T cells, ratio index, red cells, and hemoglobin concentration.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections and cervicovaginal dysplasia in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Turin. 1127 Apr 19

Estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents are limited. Recent prevalence estimates report over 333 million cases of the four major curable STDs in adults between the ages of 15 and 49: 12 million cases of syphilis, 62 of gonorrhoea, 89 of chlamydia, and 170 of trichomoniasis. The vast majority of these cases are in developing countries such as East Asia and Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin American and Caribbean where syphilis and gonorrhoea still have a high prevalence. However, CT genital infection is the most commonly reported bacterial STD. In 1996 this infection had been the most common of the nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States and was estimated that there were 2.5-3.3 million new cases per year. It resulted that African-American adolescents 14 to 19 years of age have the highest rates of STDs of any racial/ethnic group of adolescents. In addition, viral "non-curable" STDs have become a prominent public health issue over recent years due to a marked increase in prevalence of HSV and HPV infections. In the United Kingdom the annual number of genital herpes has almost tripled during the past 15 years. It is now evident that the high rate of HSV asymptomatic infection plays an important and complex role in estimating epidemiological data. To date, HPV genital infection probably represents the most frequent STD. The young age of sexual activity onset and lifetime number of sexual partners are considered the highest behavioral risk factors.
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PMID:[Sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents: clinico-epidemiologic findings]. 1129 48

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to detect antibodies to Trichomonas vaginalis in sera from Zimbabwe. The EIA showed a sensitivity of 95 and 94% when compared with vaginal swab culture among women attending a family planning clinic (FPC) and female commercial sex workers (CSW) respectively. The specificity was 85 and 77% in the two groups. Culture-negative FPC women were sub-divided into high risk or low risk of exposure to trichomoniasis. The seroprevalence was 10% (6/61) among low risk women, 21% (10/48) among high risk women and 23% (9/39) among culture negative CSW. The EIA was positive in 46% (18/39) men with genital discharge but only 5% (2/37) healthy blood donors. None of 31 sera from prepubescent children was positive. The EIA may be useful for community surveys of trichomoniasis. Because T. vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease, the test may indicate behaviour that increases the risk of STD transmission.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay for urogenital trichomoniasis as a marker of unsafe sexual behaviour. 1129 68

Recent research reported that bacterial vaginosis (BV) might enhance the acquisition and transmission of HIV. BV is also associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, a disease also associated with intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. To measure the magnitude of this problem, we conducted a prevalence survey of BV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; defined as current infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis) among all patients attending a family planning clinic in Manado from May to July 1999. BV was diagnosed by Gram stain using Nugent's criteria and vaginal trichomoniasis by wet mount or culture. Cervical infections with C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were diagnosed by DNA probe. Of 357 patients, 116 (32.5%) had BV, 83 (23.3%) had trichomoniasis, 9 (2.5%) had chlamydia, and 8 (2.2%) had gonorrhea. The prevalence of STD was similar among users of all types of contraception. However, BV was more common among IUD users (47.2%) than among non-IUD users (29.9%). This association persisted after controlling for age, education, ever had douching, and any STD (odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.8). BV was also associated with STD (41.3% in women with STD vs. 29.4% in women without). This association remained significant after adjusting for age, education, ever had douching, and IUD use (odds ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.9). Because we found that BV was associated with IUDs and that other studies reported that both BV and IUDs were associated with pelvic inflammatory disease, a Gram stain evaluation of BV may be considered prior to IUD insertion
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PMID:High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. 1170 96

Women seeking care in Madagascar for genital discharge (n = 1,066) were evaluated for syphilis seroreactivity; bacterial vaginosis (BV) and trichomoniasis. Chlamydial infection was assessed by ligase chain reaction (LCR) and by direct immunofluorescence (IF); gonorrhoea by direct microscopy, culture and LCR. Leucocytes were determined in endocervical smears and in urine using leucocyte esterase dipstick (LED). Gonococcal isolates were tested for minimal inhibitory concentrations. BV was found in 56%, trichomoniasis in 25%, and syphilis in 6% of the women. LCR detected gonorrhoea in 13% and chlamydial infection in 11% of the women. Detection of Gram(-) intracellular diplococci in endocervical smears, and gonococcal culture were respectively 23% and 57% sensitive and 98% and 100% specific compared to LCR. Chlamydia antigen detection by IF was 75% sensitive and 77% specific compared to LCR. Leucocytes in endocervical smears and LED testing lacked precision to detect gonococcal and chlamydial infections. Of 67 gonococcal strains evaluated, 19% were fully susceptible to penicillin, 33% to tetracycline; all were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin. Patients who present with genital discharge in Madagascar should be treated syndromically for gonococcal and chlamydial infections and screened for syphilis. Gonorrhoea should be treated with ciprofloxacin.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Sep
PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in women with genital discharge in Madagascar: implications for primary care. 1223 Sep 24

Wisconsin Pharmacal's Female Health Company stated plans for the launch of the Reality female condom at a press conference in New York. The disposable polyurethane barrier contraceptive is a soft sheath that is open on one end and closed at the other. Reality began to appear on retail shelves in the US in August 1994, and it is available over the counter in all major drug store chains, many supermarket chains, independent pharmacies, and grocery stores. The company hopes to ultimately obtain about 2% of sexually active women as regular users, or about one million regular users on an annual basis. In 1993, male condom sales exceeded 700 million units. In late August 1994, the Female Health Company sent letters to 65,000 pharmacies and 50,000 physicians announcing the availability of Reality in retail outlets. A professional sales force of more than 60 people began presenting Reality to more than 10,000 selected high-potential U.S. physicians and other health care professionals. Before FDA approval, a six-month contraceptive study found that when used consistently and correctly, Reality's pregnancy failure rate was 2.6%; the typical failure rate was 12.4%. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that Reality's polyurethane sheath is an effective barrier to HIV and to a viral particle smaller than hepatitis B. One limited STD clinical study found that the reinfection rate of trichomoniasis was 0% when the female condom was used consistently and 14.7% when it was not used with every sex act. One study will measure Reality's effectiveness as a barrier to gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, and another study will explore what method of protection women will use when given a choice. An ongoing study at the University of Alabama at Birmingham's School of Public Health is looking at Reality's efficacy at preventing gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes simplex-2, compared with the male condom.
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PMID:Condom campaign heralds arrival of weapon against AIDS. 1228 15

This article discusses some of the issues involved in the prevention and control of STDs, particularly as it affects HIV transmission. As research studies have revealed, STDs -- especially those that cause genital ulcers -- may increase the chance of HIV transmission by as much as 50 times in a single act of intercourse. In most cases, genital ulcers are usually the result of chancroid or syphilis, infections that are generally less common than STDs that do not cause genital ulcers, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. The relation between nonulcerative STDs and HIV has yet to be assessed; nonetheless, experts agree that prevention of HIV requires a global initiative for the prevention and control of STDs. Because of the new and more crucial dimensions of STD infections, focus has shifted away from special treatment and referral centers to primary health care clinics and health education. The new grassroots level effort centers around the so-called "syndrome-based" approach to diagnosis and treatment of STDs. Instead of concentrating on the causative agents involved, the approach focuses on groups of signs and symptoms -- syndromes. The syndrome-based approach allows treating large numbers of people with limited resources. But in order for the approach to work, local health care workers must know which STDs are present in the country or region and how the STDs respond to various treatment regimens, which in turn requires research. The article reports some of the prevalence rates presents in different parts of Africa. While syphilis and chancroid can be easily treated with penicillin-based antibiotics, gonorrheal strains are becoming increasingly resistant to such treatment. And so far, not drug treatment exists of viral infections such as HIV and herpes.
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PMID:What should you know about STDs? 1234 57

This article discusses the 4 basic elements of STD clinical treatment: diagnostic tools, training, well-run clinics, and antibiotics. In many developing countries, primary health care (PHC) centers serve as the initial source of STD preventive and curative services. If necessary, PHC centers can refer patients to the more specialized STD clinics. As the article explains, PHC clinics ideally need tables for pelvic examinations, lamps, reliable supplies of water and electricity, instruments for pelvic exams, sterilization equipment, gloves, microscopes and blood-taking equipment. Furthermore, PHC clinics should be able to perform 2 simple microscopic tests: the "wet-mount" test (for trichomoniasis, candidiasis, or bacterial vaginosis in women and the Gram stain Test (for gonorrhea in men). STD clinics should provide more comprehensive services, but such services are often more costly and time-consuming. In 1990, several organization launched an international initiative to develop diagnostic techniques appropriate for use in settings with limited resources. In addition to diagnostic tools, effective STD clinical treatment requires a well-trained staff, skilled not only in diagnosis but also in counseling about condoms and partner notification. Well-run clinics is another requisite of effective STD treatment. Well-run clinics is another requisite of effective STD treatment. Well-run clinics usually share the following features: 1) a convenient location; 2) clearly displayed signs directing patients to the clinic; 3) convenient operating hours; 4) privacy; 5) comfortable waiting areas; and 6) short waiting periods. Finally, effective STD treatment depends on the administration of the right type and dosage of a drug. Cost, however, remains the principal obstacle to availability of effective drugs.
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PMID:Primary elements for STD clinical treatment. 1234 59

Trichomoniasis remains an extremely common infection despite the fact that rates of other treatable sexually transmitted diseases are declining. Newer diagnostic techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are documenting higher rates of infection in heterosexual men than have been previously found with culture. Although data on the association of vaginal trichomoniasis with preterm birth are controversial, the association of trichomoniasis with HIV acquisition seems clear. Despite being a readily diagnosed and treated STD, trichomoniasis is not a reportable infection and control of the infection has received relatively little emphasis from public health STD control programmes. More recently, however, appreciation of high rates of disease and of associations of trichomoniasis in women with adverse outcomes of pregnancy and increased risk for HIV infection suggest a need for increased control efforts.
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PMID:Update of trichomoniasis. 1240 45


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