Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Mycoplasma genitalium was first isolated from men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) more than 20 years ago. Use of polymerase chain reaction technology has shown it to be a cause of acute NGU and probably chronic NGU, almost independently of Chlamydia trachomatis, but there is no substantial evidence that it causes acute or chronic prostatitis. In women, M. genitalium is not associated with bacterial vaginosis, but it is strongly associated with cervicitis and endometritis and serologically with salpingitis and tubal factor infertility. Further studies may show M. genitalium to be associated, perhaps causally, with epididymoorchitis, neonatal disease and reactive arthritis. Furthermore, its potential for enhancing HIV transmission needs to be explored. M. genitalium is susceptible to various broad-spectrum antibiotics, but M. genitalium-associated diseases are probably best treated with azithromycin.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Mar
PMID:Mycoplasma genitalium -- an up-date. 1186 Jun 89

The occurrence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium was determined by molecular techniques in urine specimens from 182 black South African men who had symptoms and/or overt signs of urethritis. Eighty-six (47.3%) of these men were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. There were 185 men without overt evidence of urethritis, 16 (8.6%) of whom were also infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Of the 96 men who had non-gonococcal urethritis, 14 (14.6%) were infected with C. trachomatis, 16 (16.7%) with M. genitalium and only one with both microorganisms. In comparison, 15 (8.9%) of 169 men without overt urethritis and without N. gonorrhoeae were infected with C. trachomatis and 15 (8.9%) with M. genitalium, proportions that were about half the size of those in the group with overt urethritis.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 May
PMID:Observations on the microbiology of urethritis in black South African men. 1197 36

We investigated the influence of symptoms and signs on the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) in men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Two hundred and forty-two men attending the Jefferiss Wing at St Mary's Hospital for a sexual health assessment were evaluated, of whom 169 had NGU. Urethral inflammation was diagnosed if there were either > or =5 polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) per high-power field (HPF) in five or more microscope fields of a Gram-stained urethral smear, or > or =10 PMNLs per HPF in five or more fields of a Gram-stained thread from 15-20 mL of a first-passed urine (FPU) specimen. C. trachomatis was diagnosed by direct immunofluoresence, M. genitalium by a polymerase chain reaction assay and ureaplasmas by culture. On multivariate analysis, to control for potential confounding by age, ethnicity, sexual lifestyle and co-infection, an urethral discharge remained significantly associated with the detection of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in men with acute urethritis [OR 12.3, 95% CI (2.39-63.5) and OR 35.2, 95% CI (3.9-319.6), respectively], but dysuria or penile irritation did not. The detection of ureaplasmas was not associated with any clinical feature. In addition, on multivariate analysis men with NGU who were either symptomatic or had an observable discharge were more likely to have C. trachomatis or M. genitalium detected [(OR 6.92, 95% CI 1.41-33.9) and (OR 5.18, 95% CI 0.99-27.1), respectively], but not ureaplasmas (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.33-4.35). The findings suggest that in men with acute NGU, symptoms or signs, and in particular a urethral discharge, are associated with the detection of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium, but not ureaplasmas. Currently, there is no precise answer to the question of whether all men attending a GUM clinic need to be screened for NGU, but if clinically asymptomatic NGU is found not to be associated with a sexually transmitted pathogen, the UK clinical guidelines requiring the preparation of a urethral smear from such men would need to be revised.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Oct
PMID:Do all men attending departments of genitourinary medicine need to be screened for non-gonococcal urethritis? 1280 46

The aetiological importance of Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis in non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is undisputed. Mycoplasma (M.) genitalium has been shown to be strongly associated with NGU and with mucopurulent cervicitis and also with acute endometritis independent of C. trachomatis. In this prevalence study we examined 946 patients, 445 women and 501 men, attending the STD clinic, for M. genitalium as well as C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. M. genitalium was detected in urethral samples from 17 (13.4 per cent) of 127 men with both symptoms and signs of urethritis and from 2 (1.3 per cent) of 160 men without (p < 0.001). Corresponding figures for M. genitalium in the women were 15 (11 per cent) of 136 women with symptoms and signs of urethritis or cervicitis compared to 3 (2.2 per cent) of 139 women without (p = 0.005). Examinations of partners of female and male index patients indicated that M. genitalium is sexually transmitted. Some M. genitalium infected patients had a history of irregular vaginal bleeding, lower genital tract pain, epididymitis and arthritis. Investigation of the aetiological role of M. genitalium in salpingitis, epididymitis and sexually acquired arthritis is urgently needed.
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PMID:[Chlamydia-like symptoms can have another etiology. Mycoplasma genitalium--an important and common sexually transmitted disease]. 1252 71

Seventy-eight men with a history of chronic urethritis were referred for investigation. Of 52 men diagnosed as having persistent or recurrent non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) at the time of referral, 11 (21%) were infected with Mycoplasma genitalium and three with Chlamydia trachomatis. Men who were M. genitalium-positive had not previously received less antibiotic, in terms of treatment duration, than those who were M. genitalium-negative, suggesting a possible resistance to the antibiotics given. In the current investigation, of 11 M. genitalium-positive men with persistent or recurrent NGU who were treated for four to six weeks with erythromycin, 500 mg four times daily, nine (82%) responded clinically and microbiologically, but later six relapsed without M. genitalium being detected. The results of observing and investigating a patient for about one year, the only one to have concurrent chlamydial and mycoplasmal infections, is presented, a feature being the intermittent persistence of the mycoplasma.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Jan
PMID:Mycoplasma genitalium in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. 1476 66

A study on STDs was conducted among 211 female inmates in a prison in Lisbon, Portugal, in order to establish possible associations between Trichomonas vaginalis infection, sociodemographic factors and other STDs. T. vaginalis was found in 31.2% of the women, from whom only 65.1% presented symptoms. It was more frequently isolated in the 20-40 year age group. On univariate analysis there was an association, although not statistically significant, between the existence of T. vaginalis, multiple sexual partners, drug addiction and no condom use. A statistically significant association was found between trichomoniasis, prostitution and other STDs. These were found in 87% of all women. T. vaginalis was detected alone in 23.8% (15/63) of all women with trichomoniasis, while 76.2% (48/63) of them had multiple infections with trichomonas and other STDs. A statistically significant association was present between trichomoniasis and Mycoplasma hominis and infection with Treponema pallidum. This study showed that the prevalence of T. vaginalis is as high as that of multiple infections with other STDs. Therefore, our findings seem to confirm that trichomoniasis serves as a marker for other STDs. Screening for STDs should then be offered to Portuguese inmates, or, at least, these women should be screened for T. vaginalis, as a marker for the other STDs.
Int J STD AIDS 2004 Sep
PMID:Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with sociodemographic factors and other STDs among female inmates in Lisbon. 1533 70

A real-time LightCycler PCR (LC-PCR) with hybridization probes for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in endocervical and first void urine specimens was developed and compared to a conventional PCR. The primers for both assays were identical and designed to amplify a 427 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of M. genitalium. The LC-PCR assay had a detection limit of < 5 bacterial genomes per reaction when dilutions of genomic DNA from a type strain of M. genitalium were tested. First void urine from 398 men and first void urine and endocervical specimens from 301 women attending an STD clinic were analysed by LC-PCR and by the conventional PCR. Using the conventional PCR as reference, the LC-PCR had a specificity of 99.7 % and a sensitivity of 72.2 % for the detection of M. genitalium in first void urine samples from men. There was no significant difference in the performance of the LC-PCR assay compared to the conventional PCR when endocervical swabs were considered (58 and 65 %, respectively) or with a set of endocervical swab/urine specimens for which the LC-PCR assay detected 73 % of the infections (specificity = 98.6 % and sensitivity = 68.2 %) while the conventional PCR detected 85 % of the infections. With female urine specimens there was a significant difference between the two assays (38 and 73 %, respectively; P = 0.01 McNemar's test). This illustrates the need to analyse both endocervical and urine specimens, because M. genitalium DNA was detected in only one of the two specimens in a great number of the M. genitalium-infected women. The lower sensitivity of the LC-PCR assay was probably caused by a combination of inhibition and limitations regarding the amount of template DNA. The LC-PCR assay was easy to perform and the simultaneous amplification and detection eliminated the need for further handling of PCR products. With improvement in sample preparation methods and increased volumes of the template DNA, the LC-PCR assay could be a useful routine diagnostic method.
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PMID:Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens by real-time PCR and by conventional PCR assay. 1559 Dec 51

Priapism seen occasionally in mice used in various mycoplasmal studies over several years prompted further investigation. Of six strains of young adult male mice inoculated intravenously with Mycoplasma pulmonis, of murine origin, priapism was seen only in CBA mice, penile erections persisting in some for seven to 44 weeks. A few mice given broth medium without mycoplasmas also developed priapism, and mice given five mycoplasmal species, of human origin, developed the condition in a way similar to these controls. However, those given M. pulmonis developed priapism earlier and of longer duration than other mice, suggesting that it was an enhancing factor. The duration of the phenomenon is remarkable and, as yet, has no clear explanation.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 May
PMID:Mycoplasma-enhanced priapism in mice. 1594 71

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains a significant cause of morbidity worldwide, with the potential to result in serious reproductive complications. Much of the definitive work regarding PID was completed in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, however, there have been a range of studies published that have contributed to our understanding of PID. Aetiologically, the main pathogens are chlamydia and gonorrhoea, but may include Mycoplasma genitalium and anaerobic Gram-negative rods. Risk factors associated with the development of PID include inconsistent barrier contraception, possibly vaginal douching, and the oral contraceptive pill likely masking the clinical severity of the disease. The small risk associated with the intrauterine device is limited to the first few weeks after insertion. New diagnostic techniques being evaluated include Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Management must be prompt to prevent complications, and there are no apparent differences in clinical outcomes, whether treated as an inpatient or outpatient. Effective disease prevention includes widespread chlamydia screening and improving education.
Int J STD AIDS 2005 Nov
PMID:A review on pelvic inflammatory disease. 1630 62

In order to further investigate the epidemiology of Mycoplasma genitalium, 680 men attending departments of genitourinary medicine in Bristol, Bath and Truro were studied. M. genitalium was detected in 36 men (5.3%) and was present at all three clinics. Clinically, both urethritis and the presence of a urethral discharge and/or dysuria, but not penile irritation were independently associated with the detection of M. genitalium, the former being with the strongest association (odds ratio [OR] 10.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] [3.10-37.29], P < 0.0001; OR 3.01, 95% CI [1.28-7.05], P = 0.011 and OR 1.28, 95% CI [0.61-2.69], P = 0.51, respectively). In men with urethritis, those with a discharge and/or dysuria were more likely to have M. genitalium detected (OR 2.61, 95% CI [1.09-6.25], P = 0.032). We found no association with younger age or a recent change of sexual partner. In conclusion, M. genitalium is associated with symptomatic urethritis.
Int J STD AIDS 2006 May
PMID:Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with symptomatic urethritis. 1664 75


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