Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Having reviewed the interrelation between HIV infection and other STDs, the author concludes that enough evidence exists to designate some STDs -- especially genital ulcer diseases (GUD) -- as a risk factor for HIV transmission. Additionally, the evidence suggests that sub-Saharan Africa's rampant heterosexual transmission of HIV, which depends contact between raw body tissue of infected and uninfected individuals, is mainly due to the high prevalence of ulcerative STDs in the region. Studies have shown a connection between the presence of HIV and past history of STD. In one such study in Zaire, 50% of AIDS cases had a past history of STDs, compared to 14% of controls. In Tanzania and Rwanda, the prevalence of a pst STD history among AIDS cases were 35% and 70%, respectively. Unlike the US and Europe, where homosexual intercourse and intravenous drug use are the major risk factors for HIV, heterosexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. While studies in the US show that male to female transmission of HIV occurs in 1 out of every 500 sexual exposures, the rate is far higher in sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers have identified various possible risk factors for heterosexual transmission of HIV, and the only contrasting difference between sub-Saharan Africa and the US and Europe is the high prevalence of STDs -- including IUDs -- in Africa. Not all STDs may facilitate HIV transmission. A study at a London STD clinic suggests that gonorrhea does not appear to act as a cofactor of HIV transmission. The author concludes that these findings indicate that AIDS control activities in Africa require corresponding STD control programs.
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PMID:Inter-relationships between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. 222 31

Epidemiologic studies in Nairobi and elsewhere in Africa, have shown that men infected with HIV-1 more commonly have a history of genital ulcer disease compared to uninfected men. In one study, HIV infected men were three times as likely to have a recent history of genital ulcers. In a prospective study of seronegative men, those presenting with chancroid had a five-fold risk of seroconversion during follow-up compared to men presenting with urethritis. Uncircumcised men had an increased risk of seroconversion which was independent of their risk of genital ulcer disease. Over 95% of attributable risk in men with STD was either genital ulceration or the presence of a foreskin. Genital ulcers are a major risk factor for HIV infection among prostitutes. The increased risk is about 10-fold among prostitutes with ulcers compared to a cohort who did not. We hypothesize from these studies that genital ulcers are the major portals of entry for HIV infection and also increased shedding of virus infected cells into the vaginal secretions. HIV seropositive prostitutes are more susceptible to chancroid with a two-fold increase in the prevalence of genital ulcers as compared to HIV negative women. The use of condoms by their clients prevents both genital ulcer disease and HIV acquisition among prostitutes. Chancroid is more difficult to treat in HIV infected men with one-third of patients failing single dose treatment regimens as compared to less than five percent of men without HIV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus, genital ulcers and the male foreskin: synergism in HIV-1 transmission. 226 93

A non-clinic cohort of 525 homosexually active men from London and South Wales were recruited in 1988 for a study by interview of sexual behaviour. A sample of blood was tested for HIV-1 antibodies. Seropositivity in London was 9.2% compared with 3.4% in South Wales. Men who were not regular STD clinic attenders had a lower rate of seropositivity than did those who were regular attenders. Men who were seropositive reported more sexual partners with whom they had anal intercourse and also reported more episodes of syphilis. Overall, rates of seropositivity were lower than those reported by studies from STD clinics.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men. 226 39

In this article we estimate the total number of HIV seropositives in the Netherlands with an extended version of the Fast Back Calculation model. As a result we found between 5500 and 6500 seropositives for the end of 1987. This is considerably lower than earlier expectations. The distribution of incidence over time suggests that the HIV epidemic has passed its summit. We argue that the total number of HIV infected persons halfway 1990 lies somewhere between 7500 and 9000. With the estimated number of HIV seropositives we also predict minimum values for the AIDS incidence in future years. We expect the number of new AIDS cases to increase to over 600 per year in the mid-nineties. We briefly discuss the consequences of our findings for AIDS control. We underline the desirability of a policy directed at risk groups and apart from continuing existing preventive measures aimed at these groups we advocate paying more attention to i.v. drug users, visitors of STD clinics and travellers to and applicants for political asylum from endemic areas.
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PMID:[Estimate of the number of HIV-seropositive persons in The Netherlands; implications for the evolution of the AIDS epidemic]. 227 Jan 18

To study the prevalence of HIV-infection among heterosexuals with multiple partners, participants were recruited from a STD clinic in Amsterdam. In 1988, 785 visitors met the selection criteria, of whom 361 (46%) finally participated. An HIV prevalence of 2/361 (0.6%) was found among participants. To test representativity, participants and refusers were compared on demographic characteristics and prevalence of STDs. Male refusers were on average younger, had on average fewer partners and relatively more often had a foreign nationality. Female refusers had on average fewer partners. No differences were found in the prevalence of STDs between participants and refusers. Because of the high refusal rate and differences between participants and refusers, the HIV prevalence found is not representative of heterosexuals with multiple partners.
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PMID:[HIV prevalence among heterosexual subjects with multiple partners in Amsterdam]. 237 26

278 black patients from West Africa, living in Maresme, a coastal area north of Barcelona were studied in order to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 infection. During the first period (1984-86), 102 patients were studied, 3 of them were positive for HIV-2, but none was positive for HIV-1. In the second period (1987-89), 176 patients were studied and 15 were positive for HIV-1. Sexual intercourse with prostitutes of low social level was the only risk factor in all of them. Nine of these 15 patients had other STD, 4 parasite infections, 5 AIDS related-syndrome and 2 AIDS. These findings alert us to the high prevalence of HIV-1 infection in this group of patients (8.5%) and call for stricter measures to enforce hygiene in the area of prostitution.
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PMID:[Prevalence of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in African patients residing in Catalonia]. 237 13

Fifteen gay men with a history of recent high-risk sexual activities attended seven group sessions that provided risk education, training in self-management skills pertinent to risk reduction, sexual assertiveness training, and problem solving with respect to health consciousness, social supports, and efficacy of risk-reduction change. Before and after intervention, subjects completed measures of AIDS risk knowledge, sexual practices occurring over 4-month retrospective periods, and self-monitored records of ongoing sexual activities and participated in role plays assessing behavioral assertiveness skill for resisting high-risk coercions. Eight-month follow-up data were also collected. Subjects exhibited substantial and well-maintained change following intervention in behaviors relevant to HIV infection risk, including frequency of unprotected anal intercourse (which decreased to near-zero levels), condom use (which increased to almost 90% of intercourse occasions), and in an index that reflects the multiplicative function of risk behaviors frequency by the number of partners with whom high-risk behaviors occurs. This demonstration provides further evidence that skills-training approaches can assist individuals in implementing behavior changes to reduce risk for AIDS and identifies a model relevant to counseling efforts in AIDS prevention programs, HIV counseling and testing programs, drug abuse and STD clinics, and other applied settings.
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PMID:A skills-training group intervention model to assist persons in reducing risk behaviors for HIV infection. 238 51

1,182 males and 155 females attending an STD clinic from June 1984 to October 1985 were investigated for the presence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 348 (29.5%) of the males and 5 (3.2%) of the females were antibody positive (ab+). 237 of the males were initially antibody negative (ab-) and were tested more than once, and during a 16-month period 40 of these seroconverted from ab- to antibody positive. The mean follow-up period of these 40 patients was 7.1 months, and thus the seroconversion rate is estimated to be 2.4% per month. Samples from 37 of these were available for HIV antigen testing. 19 of the patients were antigen positive in the latest ab- sample and accordingly, 18 patients were antigen negative in the latest ab- sample. No difference was found between the mean follow-up periods of those with and those without HIV antigen in the latest ab- serum and the presence of HIV antigen in serum was not associated with symptoms of acute HIV infection. After 20 months of follow-up, none (0.0-8.8%, 97.5% confidence limits) of the 40 patients have developed AIDS or AIDS-related complex.
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PMID:Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in persons attending an STD clinic in Copenhagen. 245 20

We searched in 100 healthy pregnant women by isolation, the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Herpes simplex, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. Blood was also taken for examination of specific antibodies to these microorganisms. We studied only for antibodies titled Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Treponema pallidum and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Condyloma acuminatum by cervical cytology. In 85 adolescents we found 5 (6%) patients with C. trachomatis, four of these patients had another microorganism added, one with N. gonorrhoeae, M. hominis and U. Urealyticum, one with U. urealyticum and the last two with M. hominis and U. urealyticum, In relation to Mycoplasmas 69 (81%) out of 85 had Mycoplasmas, 4 (5%) had M. hominis, 46 (54%) U. urealyticum and 19 (22%) patients had both. The seropositivity to CMV was 96.25%. We didn't find any other microorganism. We concluded that the rate of STD in chilean pregnant adolescent women is high, especially with no traditional bacteria.
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PMID:[Diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases in Chilean pregnant adolescents]. 249 Jan 69

Seven males of 132 (5%) and 9 females of 85 (10%) out of 217 heterosexual individuals without addiction to drugs or previous blood transfusion who attended a STD clinic in Madrid because they had high risk sexual partners were found to have antiHIV antibodies by ELISA and immunofluorescence (CNMVIS). However, when variables such as sex, promiscuity and sexual habits were correlated with HIV infection, significant differences were not found between seropositive and seronegative individuals (kappa 2, p greater than 0.05). Among the factors statistically linked with the infection (kappa 2, p less than 0.05) there were the previous STD and the sustained sexual intercourse with proven HIV seropositive individuals: there 8 infected individuals out of 40 with such type of partners (relative risk 4.4). On the other hand, the partners of individuals with unknown serological findings had the following results: 4 seropositive individuals out of 71 partners of parenteral drug abusers, 3 of 82 users of prostitutes, and 1 infected individual out of the 24 remaining ones (partners of bisexual individuals or combinations) (relative risk of each of them less than 1). These results show the importance of heterosexual, not mediated by blood, HIV transmission in couples of high risk persons, and they suggest that the infection is highly likely if sexual intercourse is maintained with infected individuals irrespective of their sex.
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PMID:[Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection, Madrid 1987]. 249 Jun 80


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