Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Between January 1987 and January 1991, 168 known HIV-infected prisoners have been incarcerated in Dublin's Mountjoy prison. This figure constitutes 16.6% of the total HIV-infected population in the Republic of Ireland over the same period. One hundred and forty-one (84%) of these prisoners have attended the Department of Genitourinary Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin. This group displayed considerable morbidity from HIV-related disease. Respiratory tract infection was the most frequent complication seen. Much additional morbidity was directly attributable to intravenous drug use. A survey of a representative group of inmates revealed that 64.7% were diagnosed HIV-positive in prison. The mean length of time spent incarcerated since the diagnosis of HIV infection was 38.9 months. Twenty-nine of 34 individuals who answered a questionnaire were imprisoned for drug-related crimes and 32 of 34 prisoners admitted to parenteral drug use within the prison. As the HIV epidemic unfolds in Dublin, increasing numbers of prisoners with symptomatic HIV disease will spend time incarcerated in Mountjoy prison. This will pose a considerable burden on prison and hospital medical services alike.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:The impact of HIV disease on an Irish prison population. 128 18

Two hundred and fifty attendees at two London genitourinary medicine clinics were asked to complete an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, enquiring about sexual behaviour whilst abroad. Two hundred and forty-three questionnaires were evaluable. In the study group there were 116 women, and 127 men (62 heterosexuals and 65 homosexuals). Ninety women, 53 heterosexual men and 53 homosexual men had travelled abroad over the preceding 6 months. Of these 18 (20%) of women, 26 (51%) of heterosexual men and 19 (36%) of homosexual men had sex with a local foreign contact on holiday. Although both heterosexual and homosexual men were statistically more likely to have sex abroad with a local inhabitant, women were more likely to have unprotected sexual intercourse with a local partner. This has important implications for the spread of sexually transmitted disease including hepatitis B and HIV.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Sexual behaviour amongst travellers: a study of genitourinary medicine clinic attenders. 128 21

By the end of March 1990 470 HIV positive patients, 77% injection drug use (IDU) related, had attended the outpatient department of the Regional Infectious Disease Unit with a cumulative loss to follow-up of only 20%. Coincident with the prescribing of oral methadone and a specific all-day IDU-related HIV medical clinic the total number of appointments increased from 28/month in May 1986 to 300/month in May 1989 (P less than 0.001) and the number of defaulted appointments decreased from a maximum of 60% (17/28) to 16% (48/294, P less than 0.001) in these months. There was a significant initial increase in the number of defaulted appointments for the infectious disease (ID) clinics from 11% (77/726) to 16% (124/797, P less than 0.01) which returned to previous levels once a specific IDU-related HIV clinic was established. There was also a significant decline in the number of new patients referred which was greater for the urinary tract infection clinics (108 to 56 per 6 months, P less than 0.0001) than for the ID clinics (119 to 88 per 6 months, P less than 0.05).
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Outpatient medical care of injection drug use related HIV. 131 59

Retrospective analysis of medical records of 557 HIV positive patients (including 113 with AIDS) revealed 17 patients with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. This group comprised 7 injection drug users (2 male and 5 female) and 10 homosexual men. Males were significantly older than females, and homosexual men were significantly older than drug users at the time of diagnosis of CMV. All 17 patients had evidence of retinitis, and 6 also had evidence of extraocular disease. CMV retinitis was the AIDS defining diagnosis in two patients, and the attack rate of CMV in all AIDS patients progressively increased with time, with a 3-year CMV-free survival of 57%. Fifteen patients with CMV disease had evidence of previous CMV infection (CMV IgG positive), with 7 also having a positive CMV IgM and 10 a positive viral culture. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count at diagnosis of CMV was 17 cells/mm3, compared with 68 cells/mm3 at diagnosis of AIDS. Therapy was unsatisfactory, often being complicated by marrow suppression. Relapse occurred in 11 patients after initial improvement but despite this only 3 patients died with severe visual impairment. The mean survival after a diagnosis of CMV was 10.5 months. This study confirms that disease caused by CMV is usually a late manifestation of AIDS, and the increasing prevalence among patients with AIDS implies that, the longer the survival, the greater the risk of disease. Frequent fundoscopy in HIV positive patients is of paramount importance particularly in patients who have a CD4+ lymphocyte count of less than 100 cells/mm3.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Cytomegalovirus disease in AIDS: the Edinburgh experience. 132 73

Since 1989, 21 persons with unexplained CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion, but without evident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, have been described (1-12). These reports included persons who have resided in the United States and six other countries and who sought medical care for conditions often associated with immune deficiency. Some of these cases were also described at the VII International Conference on AIDS/III STD World Congress in Amsterdam. In addition, CDC has received reports of five persons from three states who have had persistently low CD4+ T-cell levels but who have had no evidence of HIV infection or underlying disease processes or therapies known to be associated with T-cell depletion. In some of these five patients, opportunistic infections were diagnosed that frequently occur in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This report describes preliminary clinical and laboratory findings from an ongoing investigation by CDC of these five patients.
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PMID:Unexplained CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in persons without evident HIV infection--United States. 135 46

To identify the importance of heterosexual activity as a possible route for the transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a screening of antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) was performed in 200 sexually transmitted disease patients with different risks for incurring genital infections as well as in 100 registered prostitutes. Out of all 300 persons tested, 14 cases of HCV infection were detected. Anti-HCV was present in 3 of the prostitutes and in 11 of the STD patients. Evaluating known risk factors, such as intravenous drug use or blood transfusion, 6 out of the 11 STD patients and all of the prostitutes in whom anti-HCV was present were intravenous drug users and exhibited highly promiscuous behavior. Intravenous drug use was the probable means of acquisition in 9 of the 14 subjects in whom anti-HCV was present, and homosexual promiscuous behavior was assumed to be the means of acquisition in another 2 subjects. In heterosexual patients engaging in high-risk behavior (high number of sexual partners and genital infections), the exclusion of intravenous drug use decreased the prevalence of anti-HCV from 12.1% to 4.1%, demonstrating no significant increase from the prevalence among low-risk persons. Most of the patients were screened for STDs, such as syphilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), trichomoniasis, and yeast infections. The highest rate of coinfection with anti-HCV was found in patients with serologic evidence of an HIV infection (50%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis C virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. 138 51

A retrospective analysis of the results of bacteriological examination of all urine samples from adult HIV infected patients admitted to the City Hospital, Edinburgh during the year 1 April 1988 to 31 March 1989 was made to assess the usefulness of this investigation in HIV positive patients without clinical evidence of urinary tract infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Value of bacteriological screening of urine samples from HIV infected patients. 139 Oct 64

Eight focus groups consisting of all male, all female and mixed male and female drug users were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of beliefs and behavior regarding the use of family planning services and contraceptives, particularly condom use in an effort to reduce the perinatal transmission of HIV. While participants often supported the use of condoms because of STDs and AIDS, their unplanned pregnancies and STD histories indicated in-consistent use, depending on the partner and the circumstances. The vast majority of both men and women did not like to use condoms because it interfered with the spontaneity and pleasure of sexual relations, though women seemed more willing to use condoms than their partners. Participants varied in their knowledge about the benefits of using a condom, in how and when to put it on, in the associations they made between condom use and trust and commitment, in the type of partner and conditions under which they would use condoms and in their willingness to consider condom use as an integral part of their lives. Issues of trust, commitment and condom use did not seem to have been resolved in the drug using community, particularly among younger people who appeared to have more difficulty in negotiating condom use. Promoting the use of condoms needs to be considered as part of a larger, multifaceted behavior change effort.
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PMID:The why, when and whether of condom use among female and male drug users. 140 Dec 37

200 sera stored after collection in 1988-1990 in Maharashtra state, India, were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 with standard kits. The sera were from diverse groups including prostitutes, blood donors, STD patients, foreigners, and renal transplant patients. The tests were recombinant HIV-1 and HIV-2 EIA (Abbott), Vironostika HIV mixt (Organon Teknika, Holland) and Genie HIV-1/HIV-2 rapid EIA (Genetic Systems, USA). Those testing positive were confirmed by an immunoblot test capable of distinguishing HIV-2 from HIV-1, LiaTeK HIV-1+2 Line immunoassay (Organon Teknika, Holland). 128 sera were positive for HIV-1 by Western Blot, and 40 that were positive for ELISA but negative by Western Blot. There were 14 sera positive for HIV-2, and 14 positive for both HIV-1 and HIV-2. 14 sera that were originally indeterminate, now tested positive for HIV-2. It was recommended that all sera in Maharashtra state indeterminate for HIV-1 by Western Blot be re-tested for HIV-2.
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PMID:HIV-2 antibodies in serum samples from Maharashtra state. 147 22

Three hundred and fourteen homosexual/bisexual men at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (170 seroprevalent HIV-positive, 144 seronegative) were prospectively studied over 8 years to assess rates of HIV infection and disease progression, in conjunction with cellular and HIV serological markers. In HIV-positive subjects, CD4+ lymphocyte counts rose strikingly during the period surrounding seroconversion, then fell progressively over the intervening period to a mean level of 300 cells/mm3 when AIDS developed. Changes in CD8+ lymphocyte counts were less consistent. The trend for HIV serological markers over the study period was of progressive decline in the proportion of subjects with anti-p24 antibody, associated with an increase in the proportion of subjects with detectable HIV antigenaemia. However, only 45% of subjects tested had lost anti-p24 antibody by the time of AIDS diagnosis, and HIV antigen was detectable up to 4 years before this. Different HIV serological patterns were also observed in subjects presenting either with Kaposi's sarcoma or opportunist infections. Our data support the continued use of cellular and virological markers in the evaluation of HIV disease; however, the variability observed in this study highlights their limited ability in predicting specific clinical events. Care should therefore be taken to encompass both clinical and laboratory information in the medical assessment of the HIV-infected individual.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Eight year prospective study of HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual men--clinical progression, immunological and virological markers. 150 57


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