Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to describe trends over time in HIV prevalence, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexual behaviour among women in Moshi urban, Tanzania. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 1999 and in 2002-04 among women attending three primary health-care clinics. They were interviewed and screened for HIV and STIs. There was a significant decrease in HIV prevalence (11.5-6.9%). The decline was greatest among women aged 15-24 years. Syphilis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, genital ulcers and reported STI symptoms also decreased significantly over the three-year inter-survey period. The proportion of women reporting casual sex decreased and knowledge of STI symptoms and health-care seeking behaviour improved. Herpes simplex virus type 2, genital warts, age at sexual debut, age at first pregnancy and condom use remained unchanged. In conclusion, decline in curable STIs and casual sex partners may partly explain the observed decline in HIV seroprevalence. Both STIs and sexual behaviour should be monitored in HIV sentinel surveillance. There remains a gap between knowledge of preventive behaviour and actual preventive practices.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Oct
PMID:Decline in HIV prevalence among women of childbearing age in Moshi urban, Tanzania. 1794 46

A national audit of the management of first episode genital herpes (GH) was undertaken by non-consultant career grade doctors working in genitourinary (GU) medicine clinics in the United Kingdom. In total, 1620 data collection forms were completed (794 men and 826 women). Virus culture is the main detection method (1150, 71%), although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) use is increasing (442, 28%). PCR was significantly associated (P<0.0001) with fewer negative isolates (29/442, 6.6%) compared with virus culture (174/1150, 15%). Herpes simplex virus type 1 was isolated in 552 cases (46%). For 243 cases (15%), there was no evidence of counselling about GH. A total of 1355 (84%) were screened for other sexually transmitted infections. Serological testing for syphilis was undertaken in 72%. GU medicine clinics are managing first episode GH as broadly outlined in the guidelines. Areas identified for improvement are to increase counselling/written information/testing for syphilis towards 100%.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Oct
PMID:The management of first episode genital herpes in genitourinary medicine clinics: a national audit in 2006. 1794 52

There is very little knowledge about how herpes simplex virus (HSV) seropositivity of HIV-positive mothers could complicate the occurrence of neonatal herpetic disease, in the absence of genital ulcers, in this group of patients. We present a case of fatal disseminated neonatal herpes infection in a baby, born to a HIV-positive patient, and wish to discuss the potential need for changes in the management of this group of patients during pregnancy. Disseminated HSV disease is a rare, yet serious condition in newborns of HSV-infected mothers, and women with HIV infection have shown to frequently shed more HSV DNA in their genital secretions, even in the absence of active herpetic ulcers. This is the first case report of this rare association and, as a result, the evidence in support of our hypothesis has been extrapolated from other studies.
Int J STD AIDS 2007 Dec
PMID:Neonatal herpes in herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV-seropositive pregnant patients; the role of preventive measures in the absence of clinical disease of herpes. 1807 24

Human primary immunodeficiencies impairing myeloid and/or lymphoid cellular responses to activating receptors other than antigen receptors have recently been described in children with various infectious diseases. Germline mutations in NEMO and IKBA impair NF-kappaB-mediated signalling, at least in response to the stimulation of TLRs, IL-1Rs and TNFRs, and confer a broad predisposition to infections. Mutations in IRAK4 selectively impair TLRs other than TLR3 and most IL-1R responses, and confer a predisposition to pyogenic bacterial diseases, including invasive pneumococcal disease in particular. Mutations in TLR3 and UNC93B1 impair TLR3 responses and confer a predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Mutations in STAT1 impair IFN-gamma and/or IFN-alpha/beta responses and predispose subjects to mycobacterial and viral diseases, respectively. Mutations in IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 impair IFN-gamma responses and confer a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 impair IL-12 and IL-23 responses and predispose subjects to infections caused by mycobacteria and Salmonella. Finally, mutations in TYK2 and STAT3 mostly impair IL-6R responses, conferring a predisposition to staphylococcal disease in particular. The infectious phenotypes associated with these novel leukocyte activation deficiencies are therefore collectively diverse, tightly dependent on the morbid gene and affected pathway, and individually narrow, often restricted to one or a few infectious diseases.
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PMID:Novel primary immunodeficiencies revealed by the investigation of paediatric infectious diseases. 1808 7

In order to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in Korean commercial sex workers (CSWs), we selected 188 CSWs (age range 20-44 years, median age 24 years) who regularly visited one public health center in Seoul, Korea. HPV genotypes were analyzed by using a HPV DNA chip, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect type-specific IgG against HSV2 antibody identifying seropositivity for HSV2 infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with specific primers to detect HPV and HSV1/2 in cervical swabs from the CSWs. The prevalence of HPV infection was 83.5% in 188 cervical swab specimens and the main high-risk HPV genotypes were HPV16, 18, 56, and 58. The principal low-risk HPV genotypes were HPV6 and 11. The prevalence of HSV1/2 DNA was 13.8% and HSV2 seroprevalence was 86.2%. These results suggest that high frequencies of HPV and HSV2 infection might contribute to the rapid spread of STD viruses in CSWs in Korea. Additionally, an understanding of why high-risk HPV genotypes are so prevalent could provide guidelines for prophylactic vaccine development in Korea.
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PMID:Prevalence of human papillomavirus and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in Korean commercial sex workers. 1830 83

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is considered as a major co-factor of both sexual transmission and acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV epidemic in Senegal is characterized by a remarkable and stable low prevalence. Whether HSV-2 may also constitute a possible co-factor favouring the spreading of HIV epidemic in Senegal is yet unknown. This prompted us to evaluate the HSV-2 seroprevalence in the sentinel population of pregnant women in Senegal. Two hundred and sixty pregnant women attending Roi Baudouin maternity in the capital city Dakar (n = 14; 135) and the antenatal clinic in Kaolack (n = 125), the third city of Senegal, were prospectively recruited between March and August 2003. Fifty-six women (22%) were positive for HSV-2 serology. The prevalence of HSV-2 seropositivity was higher in women living in Dakar (26%) than in those living in Kaolack (16%) (P < 0.01). Only two women from Dakar and two other from Kaolack were found to be HIV-1-infected. Our observations suggest a seemingly low seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection in adult women Senegal, comparable with those usually reported in Western countries. Further, epidemiological surveys are needed to confirm these results in the general population.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Mar
PMID:Low seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among pregnant women in Senegal. 1839 53

The aim was to study the type-specific seroprevalence of Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infections and the associated risk factors in children, adolescents and adults in Greece. A total of 1867 serum samples from children, adolescents and adults of both genders aged from 0 to 60 years were collected from three large hospital-referral centres in Athens. All sera were tested for type-specific antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 using HerpeSelect IgG ELISA tests (Focus Diagnostics Cypress, Cal, USA). Overall age-adjusted seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 72.0% and 10.2%, respectively. HSV-1 seropositivity was low in children up to nine years of age, increased sharply in adolescence, and was higher in females than males in each group surveyed. HSV-2 seropositivity was low (0.8%) below 20 years of age and increased to a maximum prevalence of 18.7% in men and 22.7% in women. Multivariate risk factor analyses indicated that HSV-1 seropositivity was associated with socioeconomic indicators (e.g. lower educational level, residency outside greater Athens), whereas HSV-2 was associated with sexual behavioural factors (e.g. being divorced, greater number of lifetime sexual partners). HSV-2 risk factor profiles were similar in women and in men. This first large seroprevalence study in Greece showed a high age-standardized HSV-1 seropositivity after adolescence and a relatively low age-standardized HSV-2 seroprevalence from birth to 60 years of age. Dual seropositivity to HSV-1 and HSV-2 was low (0.6%) in females under 20 years of age, suggesting that the potential use of an HSV-2 prophylactic vaccine in adolescents could reduce the spread of HSV-2 infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Apr
PMID:Herpes simplex virus seroprevalence among children, adolescents and adults in Greece. 1848 49

Many genes implicated in schizophrenia can be related to glutamatergic transmission and neuroplasticity, oligodendrocyte function, and other families clearly related to neurobiology and schizophrenia phenotypes. Others appear rather to be involved in the life cycles of the pathogens implicated in the disease. For example, aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA), PLA2, SIAT8B, GALNT7, or B3GAT1 metabolize chemical ligands to which the influenza virus, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus (CMV), rubella, or Toxoplasma gondii bind. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGR/EGFR) is used by the CMV to gain entry to cells, and a CMV gene codes for an interleukin (IL-10) mimic that binds the host cognate receptor, IL10R. The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1) is used by herpes simplex. KPNA3 and RANBP5 control the nuclear import of the influenza virus. Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) controls the microtubule network that is used by viruses as a route to the nucleus, while DTNBP1, MUTED, and BLOC1S3 regulate endosomal to lysosomal routing that is also important in viral traffic. Neuregulin 1 activates ERBB receptors releasing a factor, EBP1, known to inhibit the influenza virus transcriptase. Other viral or bacterial components bind to genes or proteins encoded by CALR, FEZ1, FYN, HSPA1B, IL2, HTR2A, KPNA3, MED12, MED15, MICB, NQO2, PAX6, PIK3C3, RANBP5, or TP53, while the cerebral infectivity of the herpes simplex virus is modified by Apolipoprotein E (APOE). Genes encoding for proteins related to the innate immune response, including cytokine related (CCR5, CSF2RA, CSF2RB, IL1B, IL1RN, IL2, IL3, IL3RA, IL4, IL10, IL10RA, IL18RAP, lymphotoxin-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF]), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens (HLA-A10, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1), and genes involved in antigen processing (angiotensin-converting enzyme and tripeptidyl peptidase 2) are all concerned with defense against invading pathogens. Human microRNAs (Hsa-mir-198 and Hsa-mir-206) are predicted to bind to influenza, rubella, or poliovirus genes. Certain genes associated with schizophrenia, including those also concerned with neurophysiology, are intimately related to the life cycles of the pathogens implicated in the disease. Several genes may affect pathogen virulence, while the pathogens in turn may affect genes and processes relevant to the neurophysiology of schizophrenia. For such genes, the strength of association in genetic studies is likely to be conditioned by the presence of the pathogen, which varies in different populations at different times, a factor that may explain the heterogeneity that plagues such studies. This scenario also suggests that drugs or vaccines designed to eliminate the pathogens that so clearly interact with schizophrenia susceptibility genes could have a dramatic effect on the incidence of the disease.
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PMID:Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of pathogens: cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii. 1855 48

The rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has soared in China. Yet, there is no universal consensus about the accuracy of the syndromic approach to STI management. This study aims to compare the syndromic approach with laboratory tests. A randomly selected sample of market vendors in eastern China (n = 4510) was recruited and assessed for the five most common STIs (Chlamydia trachomatis infection, gonorrhoea, genital herpes [herpes simplex type 2, HSV-2] syphilis and trichomoniasis [female only]). Symptom-based assessments made by physicians were compared with laboratory tests. Laboratory test results were used as the gold standard for the comparisons. The overall sensitivity of physician symptom-based assessment was about 10%; sensitivity was lower for males (1.6%) than for females (17.2%). The sensitivity of physician assessments for those who reported STI symptoms was relatively higher (36.7%) than for those who reported no symptoms (5.1%). More than half (54.37%) of the participants were diagnosed with STI of trichomoniasis. For the other four types of STIs, physicians correctly identified only <10% of the positive cases. The study detected a low sensitivity of STI diagnosis made by physicians in an Eastern city of China. The failure in the detection of asymptomatic patients remains one of the limitations of the syndromic approach.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Jun
PMID:Syndromic and laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection: a comparative study in China. 1859 75

The aim of this study was to ascertain how sexual health physicians in Australia and New Zealand manage men with chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), particularly in relation to the notification of their female sexual partners. In July 2006, a cross-section survey was sent out to all the members of the Australasian Chapter of Sexual Health Medicine. Seventy-three percent of sexual health physicians believed that female partners of men who present with chlamydia-negative NGU were at risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes. At least 62% usually initiated some form of partner notification of female partners of men with chlamydia-negative NGU. However, only 19% (21/111) of sexual health physicians routinely tested for, and only 65% sometimes tested for, pathogens other than Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in men presenting with NGU. These included Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus, ureaplasma species, Trichomonas vaginalis and adenoviruses.
Int J STD AIDS 2008 Sep
PMID:How men with non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis are managed in Australasia. 1872 46


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