Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Screening for HIV in China began in 1984, with the first AIDS case appearing in 1985. 305,280 sera were tested as of 1992, of which 379 were seropositive for antibodies to HIV. Of these 379 individuals, there were 4 hemophiliacs identified in 1985, 1 homosexual male, 4 individuals returning from Africa, 365 drug addicts and 2 spouses. 68 foreigners and 1 Chinese hemophiliac from Hong Kong also tested seropositive. Concern is expressed over the psychosomatic trials of infected women who feel unable to discuss their HIV status with family members for fear of influencing their role as primary caregivers and sex partners. Without access to medical therapy and support groups, these women no doubt feel isolated. Non-directive counseling is recommended for seropositive women during pregnancy. AIDS patients have reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Seminal plasma also suppresses several immune responses. The pathogenicity of HIV, however, has yet to be determined. Fatty acid metabolism and Beta-endorphin are discussed in the context of therapeutic approaches. HIV/STD interactions are finally considered with individual attention given to bacterial vaginosis, hepatitis B, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes Simplex virus, microbiological contaminants of the vagina bacterial vaginosis, syphilis, mycoplasmas/epididymitis, bacterial prostatitis, and IVF culture media infections.
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PMID:HIV / STD interactions immunosuppression and future research development. 1228 86

Wisconsin Pharmacal's Female Health Company stated plans for the launch of the Reality female condom at a press conference in New York. The disposable polyurethane barrier contraceptive is a soft sheath that is open on one end and closed at the other. Reality began to appear on retail shelves in the US in August 1994, and it is available over the counter in all major drug store chains, many supermarket chains, independent pharmacies, and grocery stores. The company hopes to ultimately obtain about 2% of sexually active women as regular users, or about one million regular users on an annual basis. In 1993, male condom sales exceeded 700 million units. In late August 1994, the Female Health Company sent letters to 65,000 pharmacies and 50,000 physicians announcing the availability of Reality in retail outlets. A professional sales force of more than 60 people began presenting Reality to more than 10,000 selected high-potential U.S. physicians and other health care professionals. Before FDA approval, a six-month contraceptive study found that when used consistently and correctly, Reality's pregnancy failure rate was 2.6%; the typical failure rate was 12.4%. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that Reality's polyurethane sheath is an effective barrier to HIV and to a viral particle smaller than hepatitis B. One limited STD clinical study found that the reinfection rate of trichomoniasis was 0% when the female condom was used consistently and 14.7% when it was not used with every sex act. One study will measure Reality's effectiveness as a barrier to gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, and another study will explore what method of protection women will use when given a choice. An ongoing study at the University of Alabama at Birmingham's School of Public Health is looking at Reality's efficacy at preventing gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes simplex-2, compared with the male condom.
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PMID:Condom campaign heralds arrival of weapon against AIDS. 1228 15

Procept, Cambridge, Massachusetts, announced preclinical results demonstrating the contraceptive efficacy of its PRO 2000 topical microbicide gel. In a program of late-breaking discoveries presented at the National Conference on Women and HIV, held in Pasadena, California, Procept scientists described the results of studies recently conducted with PRO 2000. The in vitro results showed that PRO 2000 was contraceptive when rabbits were dosed intravaginally with a gel containing a 4% concentration of PRO 2000. At a concentration about 10 times lower, PRO 2000 did not appear to affect the rabbit pregnancy rate. Results of preclinical tests have indicated that both concentrations prevent HIV infection, suggesting that contraceptive and noncontraceptive formulations of this drug may be developed. "The potential of this compound as an advancement in the area of women's health is significant," said Stanley C. Erck, Procept. "We believe that the contraceptive properties demonstrated by PRO 2000 Gel will complement the anti-HIV/STD activity we will be evaluating in clinical trials." "More than 70% of all HIV infections worldwide follow heterosexual intercourse. A major problem confounding efforts to prevent AIDS in women has been the lack of effective, female-controlled barrier methods. PRO 2000 Gel has been identified as a topical microbicide well suited for use by women to prevent HIV infection. In laboratory studies, PRO 2000 blocked infection by a wide variety of HIV strains and also was active against herpes simplex virus." Clinical studies currently are underway to assess the safety of PRO 2000 Gel in healthy female volunteers. Assuming the results of these studies are positive, additional studies will be conducted to demonstrate safety and efficacy in populations at high risk for HIV infection.
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PMID:Data complement anti-STD activity of PRO 2000 gel. Contraceptives. 1232 Aug 75

We investigated sexually transmissable infection (STI) prevalence in 407 drug users in three drug treatment programmes in two Texan cities and associated demographic and sexual behaviours. Data analysis focused on differences between those for whom crack cocaine was the drug of preference compared with other drugs, since crack is associated with sexual arousal and a sex for drugs economy. Data indicate that having crack as a drug of preference is significantly associated with increased levels of previous STIs, previous drug treatment, African-American race, selling or buying sex for drugs or money, and increased infection markers for syphilis, chlamydia and herpes simplex-2. Crack preference was also significantly associated with lower rates of injecting drugs or sharing injection equipment and hepatitis C infection markers. Crack preference in heterosexual respondents was significantly associated with increased partner numbers in the past four weeks, more female partners for men and more vaginal sex contacts for men. Analysis of sex differences comparing those for whom crack was the preferred versus nonpreferred drug indicated that female crack users were significantly more likely to engage in oral sex. This supports previous ethnographic data suggesting that oral sex is a common mode of sex for drugs exchange in crack houses. In 7.4% of the total sample (14.4% of the crack-preferring sample), treatable STIs were detected. These data suggest that drug users generally, and crack-using populations in particular, in drug treatment programmes should be routinely screened for STIs as an integral part of drug treatment.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 Nov
PMID:Sexual risk behaviours and STIs in drug abuse treatment populations whose drug of choice is crack cocaine. 1243 98

Five hundred and twenty consecutive women newly attending a genitourinary medicine clinic who participated in a study of sexual behaviour were also tested for type-specific antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2; 135 (26%) were seropositive, of whom only 29 (21.5%) had had clinical evidence of genital herpes. Seropositive women were much more likely to have a past history of genital herpes (odds ratio [OR] 173). They were also more likely to be black non-UK born (OR 14), aged 30 years or over (OR 6), to have had 6-20 sexual partners (OR 3-4), especially from abroad (OR 12), to be unemployed (OR 6) or blue collar workers (OR 4), to have smoked cigarettes (OR 2) and to have practised peno-anal penetration (OR 5). Disease predictors included a past history of pelvic inflammatory disease (OR 63) and bacterial vaginosis (OR 3). Unexpected predictors were only one sexual partner (OR 5) and no non-regular partners (OR 5). Commencing intercourse before 16 years of age showed a protective effect (OR 0.2) and so did use of oral contraception (OR 0.5). Our findings show that infection with HSV-2 is associated with a wider range of morbidity and also emphasize the role of male sexual partner selection in the transmission of infection.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Jan
PMID:Predictors of seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2 in women. 1259 Jul 90

In order to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted viruses (STVs) in Korean populations, the prevalence of specific antibodies to herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and surface antigen to hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) was evaluated in blood donors (n = 200), voluntary visitors for STI testing in public health centre (n = 204), HIV seropositive individuals (n = 200) and commercial sex workers (CSWs) (n = 200). All blood samples were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits that detect type-specific IgG to HSV-2 and HBsAg and anti-HCV. The prevalence of type-specific IgG to HSV-2 among the above four groups was 5.0%, 21.9%, 65.0% and 71.0%, respectively. The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 0% in blood donors, 7.0% of visitors for STI, 7.5% of HIV infected individuals and 1.2% in CSWs. That of anti-HCV was 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 10.3%, respectively. This study underlines the very high seroprevalence of STVs, especially HSV-2, in the group at high risk of STI. The prevalences of HCV in CSWs and HIV infected individuals were two to three times higher than STI patients. It means sexual transmission might be a possible route of transmission of HCV, because HIV infection is closely related with sexual behaviour in Korea. The spread of HSV-2 is dependent on sexual transmission and that the presence of antibody to HSV-2 may be suitable for use as a serological marker of the degree at risk of STI.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Jan
PMID:Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted viruses in Korean populations including HIV-seropositive individuals. 1259 Jul 93

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) works as one of the ligands for activating the killing activity of natural killer (NK) cells and cancer specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Expression of ICAM-1 enhances lymphocyte adhesion to the cancer cells in vivo. Cancer cell lines express significantly lower level of ICAM-1 than that of normal epithelium or benign cells. Overexpression of LIGHT (LIGHT: homologous to lymphotoxins, indicating inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM/TR2]) in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was observed to suppress tumor growth in vivo. In order to elucidate the mechanisms how LIGHT overexpression could trigger tumor suppression, the expression level of a panel of cell surface makers CD54, CD56, CD95, and CD119 was investigated in a group of cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis results demonstrate that LIGHT gene expression in cancer cells can greatly increase ICAM-1 expression level, IFNgamma alone can stimulate cancer cells to express ICAM-1, which can be highly augmented by LIGHT in a dose-dependent manner. This upregulation of ICAM-1 expression is not only at ICAM-1 protein trafficking level on cell surface as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis, but also at ICAM-1 total protein level as confirmed by Western blot. There is no difference of expression level among these cancer cell lines for the other three cell surface markers: CD56, CD95 (Fas), and CD119. It was confirmed that LIGHT enhancement upregulation of ICAM-1 expression is at least STAT1 and JAK1 dependent by using STAT1-deficient U3A and JAK1-deficient E2A4 cells. These findings suggest that LIGHT-induced inhibition of tumor growth is highly correlated with its upregulation of ICAM-1 expression.
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PMID:Light stimulates IFNgamma-mediated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 upregulation of cancer cells. 1265 Oct 68

To test the concept that a replication-competent retrovirus carrying a suicide gene could have potential utility in the control of the natural virus infection in mammalian species, we constructed derivatives of a feline leukemia virus (FeLV) that is commonly associated with leukemia-lymphomas in this species. The FeLV, Rickard strain, subgroup A (FRA) genome contained at the 3' end of the envgene, an insert of an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) linked to cDNA sequence of either herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) or a truncated HSV-TK (HSV-ATK) or yeast cytosine deaminase (CD). These constructs were transfected into feline fibroblast cells (H927). The viruses produced were determined to be replication-competent. The stable propagation of the full-length transgene was, however, dependent on the size of the insert, IRES-CD being the smallest in size (1031 bp) exhibiting maximal stability for at least up to six months. The protein products of the transgenes could be detected, despite the appearance of deleted proviruses at late passages. The transduced cells were susceptible to cytotoxic killing when the appropriate prodrug, ganciclovir (GCV), acyclovir (ACV) or 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was added to the culture medium. H927 cells, infected with another subgroup of FeLV, namely, FeLV-B or FeLV-C, could be superinfected by the FRA-suicide gene viruses and thus, subjected to killing. Interestingly, at an early stage of infection by the parental FRA, H927 cells could also be reinfected by the same subgroup FRA constructs to induce the suicide effect. Among the three constructs, the vector with the CD gene was determined to be superior to others in terms of stability, therapeutic index and bystander effect in the cell culture test system. While the in vivo correlates of the therapeutic effect in the feline model remain to be determined, our results do encourage investigation of the same concept in the control of HTLV and, perhaps even, HIV infection in humans.
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PMID:A potential therapeutic strategy to combat leukemia virus infection. 1267 28

The prevalence and incidence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were recorded in two lake-island and eight rural mainland communities in Mwanza, Tanzania. The prevalence and incidence of HIV and syphilis were lower on the islands, but this pattern was not seen for herpes simplex virus type-2, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, male urethritis or antenatal prevalences of Trichomonas vaginalis. Island men reported fewer sexual partners than mainland men but no differences were found for women. Island men were more likely to be circumcised, island women less mobile and there were differences in marriage patterns. Possible explanations for the differences in HIV and syphilis include: slower introduction of HIV into the islands because of geographical isolation, more core-group sexual contact on the mainland, higher prevalence of male circumcision on the islands and differences in marital status. Differences in transmission dynamics may lead to geographical patterns that vary between STIs.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Apr
PMID:Geographical variations in the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in rural Tanzania. 1271 99

Sexual behaviour is determined by social, cultural and personal factors. Sexual behaviour studies have been conducted in many countries. However, information from Australia is limited. This study was conducted in Obstetrics Department, Westmead Hospital, Sydney. Questionnaire-derived demographic and behavioural characteristics for public and private patients were compared using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Of the patients, 3036 were public, and 595 private. On bivariate analysis some significant differences were private patients more likely to be born in Australia and have a higher education level whereas public patients were more likely to have had a greater number of lifetime sexual partners and younger age at first sex. Public patients were more likely to be herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antibody positive (12%) than private patients (6%). On logistic regression significant variables included country of birth, being HSV-2 antibody positive, and age at first sex. A number of sexual and social variables were significantly different, comparing patients in the public and private sectors. Evaluation of interventions to reduce the sexual risk to women in the public sector should be considered, including encouraging young women to delay their sexual debut, and reducing the number of sexual partners.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 May
PMID:Sexual behaviour and social class in Australian women. 1280 43


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