Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adolescents remain a group at particular risk for STD acquisition due to a combination of biological and psychosocial factors. Access to care can be an obstacle to seeking appropriate screening and treatment for many adolescents; undetected infection may lead to unwanted sequelae, including pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic abdominal pain, tubal scarring, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. With respect to gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and chancroid, the hope is that improved detection will decrease sequelae by prompting earlier recognition and treatment. In all cases of suspected sexual abuse cultures remain of utmost importance because of the negative consequences associated with a possible false-positive test result. Urine screening in certain settings, such as school-based health centers and juvenile detention centers, remains positive; however, adolescents with a positive test may still require further evaluation to identify HPV and abnormal Pap smear findings, syphilis, and other STDs currently not recognizable with a simple urine screen.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases: testing and treating. 1037 Jul 7

The pandemic impact of HIV has changed the clinical spectrum of STDs all over the world. The incidence and frequency of STDs in the different global geographic areas demonstrate the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of various local and national health systems and is simultaneously informing about the sexual behaviours of the population. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of curable STDs (herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, trichomoniasis) in a hospital-based STD clinic in Madrid, Spain during a 4-year period. Patients were referred mainly from the emergency department, gynecological wards, and family planning (61%) as well as from the HIV-hospital unit (31 beds) and outpatient department (39%). The total number of patients seen was 952 (243 men, 709 women) with an annual average of 238 patients per year. Of these, 139 (14.6%) were HIV-patients and 813 (85.4%) non-HIV patients. In non-HIV patients, STDs were identified in 493 cases (54.2%). In HIV-patients, STDs were diagnosed in 108 cases (77.7%; p < or = 0.001). Two or more STDs were more prevalent in HIV than non-HIV patients. The frequency of STDs in both HIV and non-HIV patients were vulvovaginal candidiasis, 47.8%:57.2%; syphilis, 11.7%:1.4% (p < or = 0.05); gonorrhea, 5.3%:3.9%; Gardnerella vaginosis, 6.3%:4.8%; genital chlamydia, 6.3%:9.06%; trichomoniasis, 17%:6.5% (p < or = 0.05); and genital herpes, 20.2%:5.3% (p < or = 0.05).
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PMID:Differences in curable STDs between HIV and non-HIV populations in Spain. 1037 65

The results of a one-year clinical, epidemiological and microbiological survey of gonococcal infection presenting to the Patrick Clements Clinic (PCC), a London district general hospital (DGH) genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic, are presented. Clinical and epidemiological patient data were collected by a combination of questionnaire and retrospective case-note review. Microscopy performance within the PCC, outcome of treatment, return for tests of cure and efficacy of contact tracing were assessed. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The study showed the PCC continues to diagnose and treat over 200 cases of gonorrhoea per year. High level resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was documented among the year's isolates and antibiotic resistance was linked to acquisition of gonorrhoea overseas. Despite interviewing 183 patients concerning health advice and contact tracing issues, only 55% of new episodes re-attended for a first test of cure. In addition, only 29% of reported sexual contacts attended GUM clinics for investigation and treatment.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Sep
PMID:A one-year survey of gonococcal infection seen in the genitourinary medicine department of a London district general hospital. 1049 25

This study examines the risks of pharyngeal gonorrhea due to inconsistent condom use among female sex workers in Singapore. A total of 724 brothel-based female sex workers who practiced oral sex were interviewed between December 1996 and June 1998. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior, and use of condom for oral sex. The results demonstrated a 70.4% prevalence of consistent condom use for oral sex as compared to 96.8% for vaginal sex. Of the 595 sex workers that were followed up for a maximum period of 6 months, 38 (5.2%) contracted pharyngeal gonorrhea, while 2.5% contracted cervical gonorrhea. It was revealed that sex workers with inconsistent condom use for oral sex were 17.1 times more likely to develop pharyngeal gonorrhea than consistent condom users. Since the risk of acquiring pharyngeal gonorrhea was significantly higher for inconsistent condom users, sexually transmitted disease control programs for sex workers should also emphasize the need for the consistent use of condoms with oral sex.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Sep
PMID:A prospective study of pharyngeal gonorrhoea and inconsistent condom use for oral sex among female brothel-based sex workers in Singapore. 1049 26

This study reports on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic. A total of 481 pregnant women visiting the antenatal services of the 3 major governmental health centers were included in the study. All these women were interviewed and underwent gynecological examination, including laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, gonorrhea, syphilis and bacterial vaginosis. The results revealed that 34% of the women were diagnosed with at least one STI. Gonorrhea accounted for 3.1%, chlamydiasis for 6.2%, trichomoniasis for 9.9%, syphilis for 6.7%, and HIV-1 for 12.2%. In addition, 29.1% of women were diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis and 46.6% with candidiasis. The majority of the women diagnosed with an STI reported specific clinical symptoms during the week before they entered into the study, but only a minority of them actively sought treatment, and only half of those consulted the formal health sector. Self-reported and health worker-recognized symptoms, signs and laboratory results manifested only low sensitivities, specificities, and positive predictive values in STI diagnosis. These results confirmed the high susceptibility of young African women to STIs. Therefore, specific control interventions should be carried out which incorporate affordable and user-friendly services.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Sep
PMID:Sexually transmitted infections in young pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic. 1049 29

We studied 180 black heterosexual men of whom 133 (74%) were Caribbean and 47 (26%) African. Seventy-three per cent of Caribbeans and 27% of Africans were UK born. We found no difference in age, but more Africans were married (30% cf 10%; P=0.002) and students (26% cf 10%; P=0.00008). More Caribbeans smoked 1-10 cigarettes a day (42% cf 22%; P=0.02) and more drank alcohol (89% cf 74%; P=0.002). Sixty-nine per cent of Caribbeans reported intercourse before the age of 17 compared with 48% of Africans (P=0.004), but there was no difference in the numbers of sexual partners, either in the previous year or in total. Twenty-four (18%) of the 133 Caribbeans had gonorrhoea compared with one (2%) of the 47 Africans (P=0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that coitarche under 16 years of age (odds ratio (OR) 50) and gonococcal and/or chlamydial infection (OR 12.5) were independently associated with Caribbeans. Within this group, gonorrhoea was found more often in teenagers (OR 9.5) who had commenced intercourse before the age of 16 (OR 3.3) and chlamydial infection in those with multiple partners (OR 24). New problem-orientated approaches are needed to eradicate these curable infections which facilitate infection with HIV.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Nov
PMID:Sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection among African and Caribbean men in London. 1056 64

Tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (TRNG) contain a 25.2 MDa TetM plasmid encoding a 68 KDa cytoplasmic protein which confers high-level tetracycline resistance. The aim of this study was to subtype all TRNG isolated in Scotland between 1992 and 1998. Subtyping was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay which characterizes the TetM plasmid as either the Dutch variant (443 base pair product) or the American variant (777 base pair product). Of the 78 TRNG isolates, 35 were the American variant and 43 were the Dutch variant. TRNG were distributed amongst 30 serovar/auxotype classes, the most common being 1A6/NR (11.5%), 1A6/P (14.1%) and 1B4/NR (14.1%). The country where infection was acquired was known for 36 of the 46 TRNG strains isolated between 1996 and 1998. All infections acquired in Asia and South America were the Dutch variant whereas all infections acquired in Africa were the American variant. A penicillinase plasmid was present in 66% (23/35) of the American variant TRNG compared with 51% (22/43) of the Dutch variant: the 3.2 MDa penicillinase plasmid was found in 87% of the American variant TRNG whereas the 4.4 MDa penicillinase plasmid was found in 68% of the Dutch variant TRNG. We conclude that subtyping of TRNG by PCR is a useful tool in studying the epidemiology of gonococcal infection due to plasmid-mediated resistant isolates.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Oct
PMID:Subtyping of high-level plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Scotland between 1992 and 1998. 1058 30

This paper reviews recent epidemiological trends in syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the Russian Federation against the background of existing mechanisms for the control of these infections. The rate of syphilis rose from 4.2 per 100,000 in 1988 to 277.3 per 100,000 in 1997. Furthermore, the gonorrhea epidemic occurred in Russia with rates rising from 105 per 100,000 in 1987 to 232 per 100,000 in 1993. The complex interplay of political, economic and social change have substantially affected the average period for which people with syphilis and other STIs remain infectious. These STI epidemics enhance the transmissibility of HIV. The syphilis epidemic, combined with changes in sexual behavior, has increased travel and migration. The rapid increase in the number of injecting drug users has caused the STI epidemic in Russia and other Eastern European countries. Facing these epidemics, the Ministry of Health has developed a program for controlling the outbreak of STIs with clear objectives and priorities for action. These efforts seek to expand health promotion and primary prevention activities targeted at high risk-groups and young people.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Oct
PMID:Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections in the Russian Federation. 1058 34

This paper examines the incidence of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases in Lithuania. HIV infection was first identified in 1988, and while the numbers of cases are small, the incidence is beginning to rise rapidly. The National AIDS Center has been established in the capital, Vilnius, and a national epidemiological survey is underway. Cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV infection, as well as AIDS, are officially notified in Lithuania. There are about 120 male individuals infected with HIV, 21 of which have AIDS; about 8 have died. 45% of infections originated from intravenous drug users, 25% were acquired heterosexually, and 22% were acquired homosexually/bisexually. Disease counseling, conducted by the Lithuanian AIDS Center, has been set up to provide services to prostitutes. Other sexually transmitted infections in the country are syphilis and gonorrhea. It is concluded that laboratory services in Lithuania require further development, including the use of antibiotic resistance testing and more widespread introduction of molecular diagnostic techniques. Public education on STIs, including HIV infection, also needs to be further developed.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Oct
PMID:HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections in Lithuania. 1058 37

This study examines the epidemiology of syphilis and gonorrhea in eastern Poland from 1988 to 1997. Data on patients and their sexual partners were obtained from 14 provincial skin-VD outpatient clinics of eastern Poland. The results from 1988-89 and 1996-97 were compared. It was shown that early syphilis morbidity significantly decreased in western and southern Poland, fell in the central part, and rose slightly in the east. Gonorrhea morbidity significantly decreased in all regions. Early syphilis and gonorrhea morbidity in east Poland in the 1990s was marked by a significant increase in the percentage of foreigners treated and in sexual contacts with foreigners reported by Polish patients. Among the foreign contacts reported in 1996-97 by early syphilis and gonorrhea patients, about 60.4% and 82.2%, respectively, were casual. Contact with foreigners took place mainly in the former Soviet Union. This study illustrates that there is a probability of an increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea in Poland due to the epidemics in neighboring countries.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Oct
PMID:Epidemiology of syphilis and gonorrhoea in eastern Poland in the years 1988-1997. 1058 38


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