Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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This paper assessed the availability and cost of antibiotics used for treating pelvic inflammatory disease in 17 drug-dispensing outlets in five districts of the Central Region, Ghana. The outlets included the dispensaries of 2 regional and 4 district hospitals, 4 privately owned pharmacies, and 7 chemical seller shops. The most common antibiotics available, including cotrimoxazole, metronidazole, benzylpenicillin, amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin, were also the lowest priced drugs. In contrast, the most expensive antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, and spectinomycin, were also the least commonly available. Recommended anti-gonococcal antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone) may not be prescribed if they are not available in the districts.
Int J STD AIDS 1998 Sep
PMID:The availability and cost of antibiotics for treating PID in the Central Region of Ghana and implications for compliance with national treatment guidelines. 976 42

Women's perception of STDs in the Asaro Valley of the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea was studied along with the local language terms for reproductive tract infections. Considering that there are no known specific local language terms for diseases that are sexually transmitted, women tend to view STDs as a new category of disease. The study emphasizes the women's understanding of the risk factors, as well as signs and symptoms, causes and measures taken, behavior towards treatment, and suggestions concerning treatment and protection. Interviews were conducted with 30 women aged 17-50 years. 14 of those participated in the clinical side of a community- based STD study, while the rest provided information independently. Particular emphasis was given to sources of information on STDs, understanding of risk factors, signs and symptoms, causes and measures taken, attitude towards treatment, and suggestions for treatment and protection. Since the local language does not have a term to refer to any diseases thought to be passed on through sexual intercourse, three terms were used: "sik nogut" (bad sickness), gonorrhea, and syphilis; additionally, signs and symptoms were described rather than named. It was found that rumors and educated relatives were the primary sources of information about "sik nogut." One of the major findings was that women did not link infertility with STDs, even if symptoms were felt in and around the reproductive tract. The paper concludes that sexual intercourse, as identified by women, is the dominant mode of disease transmission in the Valley. Condoms are becoming acceptable but are not used because of their unavailability. An interesting finding in this study is the reported change in sexual behavior among people who have seen their relatives die of AIDS.
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PMID:Ethnographic results of a community STD study in the Eastern Highlands Province. 979 73

This paper summarizes three relevant issues in the clinical management of STDs in Papua New Guinea which have gone unrecognized or been neglected until now. First, the issue of chlamydial and trichomonal infections, which have been shown to increase HIV transmission, is discussed. Although trichomonal infections generally display less pathology than chlamydial infections, they are nonetheless a serious problem. Both types of infections are also more prevalent in Asaro Valley as compared with gonorrhoea and syphilis. The second discussion focuses on the treatment regimen for gonococcal and chlamydial infections. The current treatment, which involves the intake of different tablets and extends for a week, seems to be unappealing and unrealistic for most patients. Thus, a more cost-effective drug has been introduced: azithromycin, which has been proven effective against chlamydial infection and has also been found satisfactory for gonorrhea treatment where local isolates were susceptible. The final topic is that of the barriers to the use of STD treatment services. This study revealed that the low utilization of these services, particularly by women, is due to 1) the limited knowledge of symptomatology and its significance, 2) to the asymptomatic nature of some infections, 3) to factors concerning the structure of services, 4) to health worker behavior, and 5) to social attitudes. Additionally, potential modifications to the existing services are discussed, including the possibility of establishing women's health clinics, which would provide all primary reproductive health services in an integrated manner.
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PMID:Issues in the management of sexually transmitted diseases in Papua New Guinea. 979 76

The decline of STD in the region of Rostock, Germany, since 1945 is explained by a decreasing incidence of gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis. On the other hand chlamydial and candidal infections have increased. The rate of chlamydia infections was about 45% in our venerological patients, as common as gonorrhea used to be. Genital candidal infections were to be found in 23%. Mycoplasmas were identified in 15%, usually combined with other pathogens except in some cases of vaginitis.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the catchment area of the Rostock University Dermatology Clinic after 1945]. 985 54

Gynecologic conditions associated with HIV infection were examined in 481 regular female sex partners of HIV-positive male blood donors enrolled in a study of heterosexual HIV transmission conducted at Chiang Mai University Hospital and Lampang Provincial Hospital in Thailand in 1992-96. Of these women, 224 (46.6%) were HIV-infected. HIV-positive and HIV-negative women were similar in terms of age, education, and age at first intercourse; however, a history of sexually transmitted disease was more common among the HIV-infected women (31.7%) than their uninfected counterparts (18.7%). HIV-infected women also were significantly more likely to have abnormal gynecologic conditions, including abnormal vaginal discharge at physical examination (odds ratio (OR), 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-4.2) and cervical dysplasia (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 2.0-15.2). Among HIV-positive women, the prevalence of abnormal vaginal discharge and bacterial vaginosis increased significantly with decreasing CD4 count. Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis rates were generally low and did not differ by HIV status. These findings suggest a need for further research on variations in gynecologic conditions associated with HIV infection in different countries.
Int J STD AIDS 1998 Nov
PMID:Gynaecological conditions associated with HIV infection in women who are partners of HIV-positive Thai blood donors. 986 81

Urethritis in men has been categorized historically as gonococcal or nongonococcal (NGU). The major pathogens causing NGU are Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Trichomonas vaginalis may be involved occasionally. In up to one-half of cases, an etiologic organism may not be identified. In this review we present recent advances in the diagnosis and management of NGU and discuss how they may be applied in a variety of clinical settings, including specialized STD clinics and primary health care practices. In particular, the development of the noninvasive urine-based nucleic acid amplification tests may warrant rethinking of the traditional classification of urethritis as gonococcal urethritis or NGU. Diagnostic for Chlamydia are strongly recommended because etiologic diagnosis of chlamydial urethritis may have important public health implications, such as the need for partner referral and reporting. A single 1-g dose of azithromycin was found to be therapeutically equivalent to the tetracyclines and may offer the advantage of better compliance.
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PMID:Nongonococcal urethritis--a new paradigm. 1002 11

In the presence of the low spread of HIV infection a sharp increase in sexually transmitted diseases is noted. Nevertheless, taking into account a rise in STD, the reality of the potential risk of the spread of HIV is emphasized. Thus, in 1996 morbidity is syphilis was found to grow 7.2 times in comparison with 1992, amounting to 37.5 cases per 100,000 of the population; morbidity in gonorrhea amounted to 32.4 cases per 100,000 of the population with the proportion coming to medical institutions not exceeding 30%. A high proportion of hepatitis B virus carriers was also established (from 15% to 30% of healthy persons), while morbidity in virus hepatitides rose twofold for the period of 1994-1995. During recent years the service for the prophylaxis of AIDS was noted to considerably decrease measures on mass screening. At the same time the article attracts attention to the necessity of increasing the work on the dissemination of information and education on HIV/AIDS drug among addicts, prostitutes and homosexuals. The Draft National Program of the Prophylaxis of HIV infection and STD for 1998-2002 has been worked out. Great importance of methodological and financial assistance rendered since 1994 by international organizations, including WHO, UNFPA, etc., have been emphasized.
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PMID:[The epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection in Turkmenistan]. 1009 88

Few meeting participants envisioned a prevention and control program on the scale or scope of CDC's programs to prevent HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection, but all agreed that the virtual absence of public health interventions to prevent genital herpes is no longer appropriate in light of evolving epidemiologic knowledge and other research advances. The ultimate scope of a national genital herpes prevention effort will depend in part on the results of the recommended research agenda, which probably will evolve over the better part of a decade. Numerous other STD prevention partners will also need to contribute to this effort and help to determine the makeup of future programs. Substantial new fiscal resources will be required both to implement the proposed research agenda and, depending on the results, to undertake the prevention efforts indicated by those studies. Competing STD prevention priorities and other national health needs will influence the availability of those resources. The consultants' meeting and the research and program activities summarized above are described in more detail in the full meeting report, which is posted on the Division's web site (www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/dstdp.html) or may be requested directly from the Division. DSTDP is interested in receiving comments and suggestions about herpes prevention.
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PMID:Prevention agenda for genital herpes. 1022 92

In order to understand the trends and epidemiological characteristics of sexually transmitted diseases among children below the age of 15 at national STD surveillance sites which will lead to the development of strategies on prevention and control, STD surveillance at selected national sites had been consecutively monitored during the period of 1987-1996 with data collected and analyzed. The epidemiological characteristics of STD among children below age 15 were found as follows: (1) Incidence rates of STD in children appeared to be ascending yearly, from 0.51/100,000 in 1987 to 8.62/100,000 in 1996. (2) Gonorrhea was the most frequently seen sexually transmitted disease among children, constituting 85.58% of the kinds of STDs on average. However, the proportion of gonorrhea cases in children is declining with the increase of NGU and syphilis. (3) Incidence rates among girls were consistently higher than the rates for boys, with a sex ratio of 2.35:1. (4) Incidence rate in group--0 was 44.68 per 100,000 population in 1996, much higher than the rates in other groups of children. (5) Incidence rates among children in both urban and minority areas were higher than the rates in rural area. The STD situation in children at the national STD surveillance sites has become crucial which calls for more attention.
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PMID:[Epidemiological features of sexually transmitted diseases among children below age 15 at the National STD Surveillance sites]. 1032 81

This study determines the phenotypic and molecular characterization of an outbreak of 9 Neisseria gonorrhea isolates exhibiting high-level plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline (PP-TRNG) that took place in Tandil, Argentina. Subjects included patients attending Tandil's Sanatamarina Hospital. Individuals infected with sexually transmitted disease were examined using a standardized questionnaire. Results show that all isolates produced B-lactamase, were penicillin resistant (disk zone diameter 6 mm, MIC 32 mcg/ml) and high-level tetracycline resistant (disk zone diameter 12-14 mm, MIC 32 mcg/ml). Moreover, all strains were fully sensitive to cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin; while autotype and serogroup results showed that all the strains were arginine-requiring and of serogroup WI. In spite of the temporal and geographical dispersion, PP-TRNG strains in Argentina seem to be highly homogeneous in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, serogroup, plasmid profiles, and even auxotype.
Int J STD AIDS 1999 Mar
PMID:Characterization of an outbreak of tetM-containing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Argentina. 1034 Jan 97


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