Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The trends for gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease in England and Wales are presented. Reported cases of gonococcal infection during a 12 year period, 1966 through 1977, were examined to determine incidence trends. Incidence rates by sex and age groups were calculated per 100,000 population. The number of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) admitted to hospitals in England and Wales can be derived from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry. This is a 10% sample of all hospital deaths and discharges. The Enquiry records cases, not patients, and there are no criteria for the establishment of a diagnosis of PID except that it is the physician's final diagnosis. The rates for gonorrhea for both sexes have shown a steady increase (more marked in women) from 1966 to 1977. These increases appear to have leveled off recently. In 1977, the rates represetned 37,831 and 22,273 cases in men and women, respectively. Despite the leveling off over the last few years, there has been an increase of 31% for men from 1966 to 1977 and 130% for women over the same time period. The major increases have been in women aged 16-19 years and 20-24 years. From 1968 to 1977, both the number of cases of PID and the rate have increased by 50%. The number of cases requiring hospitalization was 10,960 in 1977. The age-specific PID rates are similar to the female age-specific rates for gonorrhea with major increases occurring in the 15-19 and 20-24 year age groups. A total of 2286 women were screened in the special examination of asymptomatic women. Altogether, 228 (10%) were found to have candidiasis, 97 (4%) trichomoniasis, and 5 (0.2%) gonorrhea. The screening concentrated on those who had not sought care for sexually transmitted diseases. England and Wales have excellent STD clinic service with a sophisticated recording system for cases seen in clinics and patients hospitalized with the complications of the diseases. Yet, the data systems can still be improved. These systems indicate only part of the total clinical picture of the STDs. Accurate comprehensive figures are essential for monitoring changes in the STDs and for planning appropriate medical and other facilities needed for clinical care and control.
 ...
PMID:Trends for gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease in England and Wales and for gonorrhea in a defined population. 746 78

The study was conducted at three urban adolescent clinics administered by the Denver Department of Health and Hospitals.The population was derived predominantly from inner city, low-income adolescents 12-18 years old during the period of May 1989 to January 1990. A questionnaire regarding sexual and STD history, contraceptive use, and substance use was administered to each patient. Specimens for laboratory studies included collection of vaginal fluid swabs for pH determination and wet mount microscopy; sequential cervical swabs for testing for Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and HPV DNA; and endocervical swabs and ectocervical scrapes for cytology. A total of 634 were included. The population was ethnically mixed: 167 (26%) were Black, 287 (45%) were Hispanic, 174 (28%) were White, 1 (0.2%) was Asian, and 3 (10.5%) were of other ethnic groups. The mean age was 16.8 years, with a range of 12-18 years. Cervical HPV infection was the most prevalent STD in the population, detected in 99 (15.6%) subjects, followed by infection with C. trachomatis in 69 (11.0%), N. gonorrhea in 45 (7.1%), and T. vaginalis in 34 (5.3%). Overall, 188 (30.3%) subjects had any of the 4 STDs detected. The most prevalent, higher-risk HPV types were 16/18, either as single or mixed infections, which were detected in 46 (7.2%) patients. Infection with HPV types 31/33/35 or 6/11 occurred in an additional 31 (4.9%) and 23 (3.6%) subjects, respectively. Overall, 152 (24%) patients had any manifestation of genital HPV infection, 23 (15%) with clinically apparent infection (external genital warts), an additional 54 (36%) with cytologically apparent infection (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or LSIL) without warts, and 69 (49%) with subclinical cervical infection (with neither warts nor LSIL). The relative risk of cervical HPV DNA for those with 2 or more partners was 2.7 (p 0.001). By multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of cervical HPV DNA included the number of lifetime sexual partners (2 or more partners: OR, 1.9) and current genital warts (OR, 5.1).
 ...
PMID:Spectrum of genital human papillomavirus infection in a female adolescent population. 748 7

Interviews conducted in 1992-93 with 80 male commercial sex workers in Bali, Indonesia, and 100 of their tourist clients revealed low levels of accurate knowledge about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and widespread high-risk sexual behaviors. Although most male sex workers were aware of AIDS, 30% did not know that healthy-appearing persons could be infected. The mean number of clients in the week preceding the interview was 2.8 (range, 0-12); 61% had engaged in anal intercourse in that period. Condom use with clients averaged 48% for receptive anal intercourse, 55% for insertive anal intercourse, and 14-17% for oral intercourse; these rates were 19%, 33%, and 0%, respectively, for unpaid partners. Only 30% of clients serviced by male prostitutes insisted on condom use. Factors related to condom use with commercial clients were condom beliefs, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility to infection, and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases. The tourist clients, 60% of whom were from Europe and 25% from Australia, were significantly older (mean age, 38.4 years) than the sex workers. 64% reported a history of STD infection, primarily gonorrhea. In the week before the interview, clients had an average of 1.7 paid and 0.3 unpaid partners and 53% engaged in anal intercourse. Condom use was 75% for receptive and 69% for insertive anal intercourse. Although 87% of tourists brought condoms to Bali, only 62% knew of a local source. Factors related to condom use with a commercial sex worker were condom beliefs and self-efficacy.
 ...
PMID:AIDS knowledge, risk behaviors, and factors related to condom use among male commercial sex workers and male tourist clients in Bali, Indonesia. 754 21

Increased resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin has been reported from many centres around the world since the introduction of antibiotic therapy in the 1940s. This study reports the temporal changes in gonococcal penicillin sensitivity over a 3-year period. All patients with a diagnosis of gonorrhoea in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland between 1990 and 1992 were included in the study. Penicillin sensitivity of isolates was analysed in relation to the sex and sexual orientation of the patient and the antibiotic therapy given. Four hundred and twenty-seven new patient episodes of infection occurred of which penicillin sensitivities were available in 426. Eleven episodes of PPNG infection occurred. Chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance did not increase over the study period. No differences were evident in the sensitivity of isolates from homosexual and heterosexual patients. Unlike many other areas the relative resistance of N. gonorrhoeae is not increasing in Edinburgh at present. This may relate to local antibiotic policies combined with intrinsic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae itself. Unlike previous reports there did not appear to be any increased resistance to penicillin in isolates from gay men.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Temporal changes in the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin in Edinburgh, Scotland. 777 22

This article will review the 1993 STD Treatment Guidelines of particular importance to dermatologic clinical practice. Topics include STD/HIV prevention, management of sexual partners, STD in persons with HIV co-infection, genital ulcer disease (GUD) including syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and chancroid, therapy of nongonococcal (NGU) and chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, gonococcal (GC) infections, HPV infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pediculosis pubis, and scabies.
 ...
PMID:The 1993 sexually transmitted disease treatment guidelines. 784 21

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a brief intervention programme on STD knowledge, condom use and gonorrhoea incidence among sex workers in Singapore. A controlled before-and-after study design with non-random assignment of sex workers was used, supplemented by multivariate analysis to adjust for baseline differences. Control (n = 221, denoted C1) and experimental (n = 221, denoted E1) groups were interviewed on 2 occasions 3 months apart. Two supplementary groups were interviewed once each at the end of the 3-month period (n = 145 who had received the intervention and n = 151 who had not). Basic knowledge of STD symptoms and HIV transmission was high in all groups. There were misconceptions about casual transmission of HIV which improved dramatically at the second interview for group E1 (from 37-56% correct responses to 82-90%). Overall condom use was high (about 75%) and did not change after the intervention. Gonorrhoea rates were correspondingly low (0.4 episodes/worker/year) and also did not change. This brief intervention improved the STD knowledge of sex workers. However, behaviour as measured by reported condom use and gonorrhoea incidence did not change. Implications for future intervention programmes are discussed.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Evaluation of a safe-sex intervention programme among sex workers in Singapore. 794 57

In China, staff at the National Center for STD Control and Research in Nanjing conducts surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to identify antibiotic-resistant strains, so health officials can control gonorrhea. Between 1987 and 1992, the center isolated 1529 strains from patients of clinics in the cities of Nanjing, Nanning, Harbin, Dalian, Shanghai, and Urumqi. Laboratory staff used the agar plate dilution test in the strains to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to penicillin, spectinomycin, and cephalosporins. They used the rapid idiometric method to examine the prevalence of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains. Most strains (57.5%) had MICs of = or 1 mcg/ml penicillin. The MIC50 values for penicillin increased each year (0.47, 0.45, 0.56, 0.79, 0.79, and 0.89 mcg/ml). PPNG strains comprised 18 (4.3%) of 419 strains isolated from Nanjing and Nanning. Resistant strains to spectinomycin (MIC 128 mcg/ml and the critical MIC values of 64 mcg/ml) made up 1.3% and 4% of all isolates, respectively. Few strains were resistant to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime (MIC = or 1 mcg/ml; 2.6% and 4.2%, respectively). These findings show considerable N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin in China. They also demonstrate a need to adopt appropriate measures in the choice of drugs, follow-up of patients, and the surveillance of gonorrhea.
 ...
PMID:Survey on antibiotic sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in China, 1987-1992. 797 78

Epidemiologic trends of STD are strikingly different in various parts of the world. In Northern and Western Europe there has been a spectacular decline in the incidence of STD, particularly gonorrhea and syphilis. It is probably due to a combination of an early initiation of sex education at school, behavior change, condom promotion, and the wide availability of STD treatment. The situation in North America is far more complex, with geographic areas and large population groups having low levels of STD and others continuing to experience an epidemic of STD, particularly inner-city minority populations in the United States. In developing countries both the prevalence and incidence of STD are still very high and STDs are a major public health problem making up the second cause of healthy life lost in women of 15 and 45 years of age after maternal morbidity and mortality. "Business as usual" is clearly not acceptable any longer. A better understanding of the determinants of STD epidemiology is essential for a more effective approach to STD control as well as recognizing the limitations of each single intervention, be it medical or behavioral. The major challenges are to mobilize political commitment and funds, and to transfer small scale interventions into large scale public health programs, and to apply the right mix of approaches, including medical, behavioral, societal interventions.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in the 1990s. Global epidemiology and challenges for control. 804 21

Incidence numbers of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis differ substantially in different countries at different times. In European countries, the incidence of gonorrhea and of primary and secondary syphilis currently is extremely low. In North American countries gonorrhea incidence declined at a very slow annual rate and syphilis incidence increased. Chlamydial infections show a profile that seems to be delayed by two decades from infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Our efforts in the future should be directed to prevent the resurgence of gonorrhea and syphilis and to achieve the same success with chlamydial infections. Poor populations in developed and developing countries, which have similar demographic, social and economic characteristics, represent one important target group for control programs. Education of young and poor people represent the challenge of the future for sexually transmitted diseases control strategies. Combined strategies also will have an effect on incurable viral STD.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. What does it tell us? 804 24

Treatment regimens for sexually transmitted infections continue to evolve. The natural history of syphilis in HIV-infected patients is leading to more aggressive policies in terms of both investigation and treatment. In particular, treatment protocols for late syphilis, especially neurosyphilis, are under scrutiny. Epidemiological change typified by the spread of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) has led to a search for new agents to treat gonorrhoea, with a more extensive use of cephalosporin and quinolone antibiotics emerging. The problem of compliance with the antibiotic courses presently required for chlamydial infection may be close to being solved with the development of newer macrolide agents. Single dose azithromycin, although expensive, seems to be as effective as longer courses with other agents. Furthermore, its efficacy in gonococcal infection is also encouraging. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) has led to rationalization of treatment policies for these conditions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Antibiotic chemotherapy of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in adults: a review. 806 Oct 86


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>