Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of gonorrhea and urogenital chlamydia infection was investigated among female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Epidemiological data were recorded according to a standardized questionnaire. The median age of the prostitutes was 27 years old and median period of prostitution was 2-4 years. Most of the women (91%) has no other occupation besides prostitution and 57% of them had not even completed primary school. Among 233 cases when both gonococcal culture and chlamydial antigen detection with a commercial EIA kit were performed, the prevalence of gonorrhea was 25% (59) and that of chlamydial infection 31% (72). Both diseases were recorded in 9%. The women who had been prostitutes for 2 or more years had gonorrhea (p0.01) or chlamydial infection (p0.05) less frequently than those who had practiced prostitution for a shorter time period. Among 70 different gonococcal isolates from 241 prostitutes, 40 (57%) belonged to serogroup W II/III. Most (83%) of the W I isolates were beta-lactamase producing (PPNG) as were 42% of the W II/III isolates. All non-PPNG isolates except 1 had decreased susceptibility to benzylpenicillin (MIC or= o.125 mg/1) and all isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin. 4 of 5 isolates from the throat were PPNG and the 5th had a benzylpenicillin MIC of 0.5-2.0 mg/l.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Gonorrhoea and urogenital chlamydial infection in female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 190

In Vienna, legalized prostitution is tightly controlled by the advisory board of the Viennese Public Health Service. Registered prostitutes are routinely screened for all important STDs, such as syphilis, HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydial- and yeast-infections, and Trichomonas vaginalis. Furthermore, cytological smears are obtained from the cervix and chest X-rays are performed at least once a year. In all pathological findings, an appropriate therapy is implemented. Presenting data of 1989, out of the 713 weekly controlled registered prostitutes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae was detected in 0.3% of all examinations (110/35,368). In non-registered prostitutes, the infection rate of N. gonorrhoeae was 6.9% (27/354), and so far, 20 times higher than in registered ones. The infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis, which has been routinely diagnosed in registered prostitutes for several years, has decreased from 20.4% in 1980 to 2.2% in 1989 compared with 31.4% and 10.9% in non-registered prostitutes. In registered prostitutes, the prevalence of genital infections, such as C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and yeasts was shown to be 4.9%. The corresponding data in non-registered prostitutes were much higher (18.8%). Due to examinations for cervical malignancy the incidence of Papanicolaou stain IV and V has decreased from 3.1% in 1988 to 1.6% in 1989. There was no serologic evidence for syphilis and HIV infection in both special risk groups. The data demonstrate, that due to a good health surveillance of STD-risk groups, a good information service, and free treatment, the prevalence of STDs can be reduced in prostitutes.
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PMID:Medical health care for Viennese prostitutes. 194 14

The prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases were studied in 101 men attending a dermatovenereal outpatient clinic in Mogadishu. A control group of 103 healthy adult men were included for the serological part of the study. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. All sera were tested for syphilis markers. HBV serum markers were detected in 84% of the men in the study group and 66% of the healthy controls (P less than 0.005). Hepatitis B virus carriers were detected more frequently in the study group than among the controls. Also, 96% of the men in both groups had CMV antibodies and all of them had antibodies to HSV. No sera were found to contain HIV antibodies. The TPHA-positivity was 10% and 3% in the study and control groups respectively, and 5% of the patients had syphilis IgM antibodies. Sexual contact with prostitutes was recorded in 54% and 48% respectively of patients and controls, and such contact was correlated with TPHA-positivity in the study group. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected in urogenital specimens of 14% of the men in the study group and gonococcal culture was positive in 53% of those with urethral discharge.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in men in Mogadishu, Somalia. 196 90

The authors determined the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women who visited a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) and the influences of the number of partners and of the use of oral contraceptives (OCs), with special attention paid to the recognition of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and to the results of therapy. Of 217 women with a mean age of 26 years (range 14-56), who visited the STD clinic of the University Hospital of Groningen from July 1985-November 1987, anamnestic data were collected as well as the results from swabs of the cervix and urethra taken for culture and direct immunofluorescence (IF) test of C. trachomatis and for gonococcal culture. The influence of the number of partners (1 vs 1) and OCs on the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. PID was excluded in cooperation with the department of gynecology. C. trachomatis-infected women were treated by doxycycline orally (day 1, 2x 100 mg, days 2-7, 1x 100 mg) according to the dosage scheme advised by the Dutch Health Council in 1986. A control culture was taken 2-3 weeks after treatment. C. trachomatis was detected in 72/217 (33%) of the women by culture and/or direct IF test and in 22/41 (54%) women with gonorrhea. In connection with the number of partners in the year preceding the examination, the following prevalences were found: 18/74 (24%, 1 partner), 43/108 (40%, 2-5 partners), and 10/27 (5 partners). The prevalence among OC-using women was significantly higher (p0.05) than in non-OC using women: 44.101 (44%) vs 21/93 (23%). This was also true when OC users were compared to sterilized women (9/47, 19%), regardless of number of partners and age. Active PID was found in 2 women, both infected. After treatment with positive C. trachomatis cultures, control cultures were negative in 39/40 (98%). A relatively high prevalence of genital C. trachomatis infection is found in women visiting STD clinics, as well as in women with only 1 partner during the year preceding the examination. This study supports the hypothesis of OC use being a risk factor. How OC use influences PID risk is not fully understood. Within the framework of reliable contraception and prevention of STD complications, the combination of OC + a barrier method should be advised to women without a steady partner. Further study is necessary to determine whether preventive antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic adolescents with anamnestic risk factors for C. trachomatis infection is indicated at the start of a new relationship. (author's modified)
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PMID:[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and the use of oral contraceptives]. 200 20

Nine hundred and fourteen heterosexual persons who requested care at STD clinics in South Carolina responded to self-administered questions on STD history, socio-demographic characteristics, number of sexual partners, and sexual partner choice. These data and the current STD diagnosis were analysed using multivariate techniques. Sexual behaviors of men and women were different. Men reported greater number of partners and less discriminating sex partner recruitment patterns. Age, rural/urban residence, race, and number of sex partners were independent predictors of gonorrhea infection among men. Among women, age, rural/urban residence, and not knowing the most recent sex partner very well emerged as independent predictors of infection.
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PMID:Sex partner recruitment as risk factor for STD: clustering of risky modes. 202 64

The US guidelines for prevention and management of the difficult to diagnose symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which affects approximately 1 million every year, include microbial etiology and pathogenesis, the magnitude of the problem in terms of epidemiology and financial impact, risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. The etiology of PID reveals multiple organisms, though mostly C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoea. PID includes acute, silent, and atypical. C. trachomatis has been isolated in 20-40% of PID cases, while N. gonorrhoea in 27-80% of cervical cases. Other anaerobic bacteria isolated, which comprise 25-50% of acute cases, are Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus species, Escherichia coli, and Hemophilus influenzae. PID results when organisms from the endocervix spread to the endometrium and fallopian tube mucosa. Contributing factors are IUD user's hormonal changes during menses (within 7 days of onset of menses), retrograde menses, and virulent characteristics of acute chlamydial and gonococcal PID. The estimated cost of PID for 1990 was $4.2 billion for 25 million in outpatient care and 275,000 hospitalized. Sexual practice related to the risk of PID are having sex with someone with STD, a young age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, a high frequency of sexual intercourse and new partners within 30 days. Barrier methods (mechanical or chemical) decrease risk. Inconsistent risk is associated with oral contraceptive use and douching, but IUD's have an increased risk of adverse consequences and further transmission. Recommended action is community health promotion of education, as well as prompt and available clinical service, partner notification, training of health care providers, and routine screening. Individuals must self protect. Clinical diagnosis is difficult and imprecise. Minimum criteria for clinical diagnosis are lower abdominal pain, bilateral adnexal tenderness, cervical motion tenderness. Severe cases require oral temperature 38.3 Centigrade, abnormal cervical or vaginal discharge, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or C-reactive protein, culture for N. gonorrhoea and non-cervical tests for C. trachomatis, and optionally endometrial biopsy, tubo-ovarian sonography, and laparoscopy. Failure to meet these criteria should not be withholding therapy. Sensitivity to the emotional needs and careful follow-up are necessary. Inpatient treatment recommendations are broad spectrum regimens such as: Cefoxitin plus doxycycline; for outpatients, cefoxitin plus doxycycline or tetracycline (erthyromycin may be substituted).
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PMID:Pelvic inflammatory disease: guidelines for prevention and management. 203 5

Bacterial pathogens account for a significant portion of the current STD epidemic in the United States. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid are especially rife in the nation's poverty pockets. Chlamydial infection, the most common bacterial STD, is prevalent at all socioeconomic levels. A recurrent theme in these diseases is coexisting infection, sometimes involving HIV.
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PMID:Recent developments in STDs: I. Bacterial diseases. 207 82

Aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) peculiar to the developing countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. The most common STD infections are N. Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, T. pallidum and T. vaginalis. Vertical transmission, particularly of syphilis among prostitutes, and of Chlamydia and gonorrhea after ophthalmia neonatorum, are common. Chlamydia is also a common respiratory tract infection in African neonates. Late complications of STDs, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and particularly pelvic inflammatory disease, are responsible for a high proportion of hospitalizations. Antibiotic resistant gonorrhea strains are common, a result of poorly managed antibiotic treatment. Genital ulcer diseases (GUD), which predispose to HIV infections, are more common in Africa than in developed countries, not only herpes but chancroid, donovanosis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, causes 36-49% of ulcers in 2 reports. The L1-L3 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause lymphogranuloma venereum, the agent responsible for ulcers in 3.6-6.1% of 2 clinic populations. HIV infections have an equal sex ratio in Africa, with a younger age incidence in women and a high vertical transmission rate, while in Latin America, bisexual men, and increasingly, heterosexual transmission by intravenous drug users is reported. There is also an HIV-2 virus, whose virulence is in question, common in West Africa.
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PMID:The epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Africa and Latin America. 220 6

Having reviewed the interrelation between HIV infection and other STDs, the author concludes that enough evidence exists to designate some STDs -- especially genital ulcer diseases (GUD) -- as a risk factor for HIV transmission. Additionally, the evidence suggests that sub-Saharan Africa's rampant heterosexual transmission of HIV, which depends contact between raw body tissue of infected and uninfected individuals, is mainly due to the high prevalence of ulcerative STDs in the region. Studies have shown a connection between the presence of HIV and past history of STD. In one such study in Zaire, 50% of AIDS cases had a past history of STDs, compared to 14% of controls. In Tanzania and Rwanda, the prevalence of a pst STD history among AIDS cases were 35% and 70%, respectively. Unlike the US and Europe, where homosexual intercourse and intravenous drug use are the major risk factors for HIV, heterosexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. While studies in the US show that male to female transmission of HIV occurs in 1 out of every 500 sexual exposures, the rate is far higher in sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers have identified various possible risk factors for heterosexual transmission of HIV, and the only contrasting difference between sub-Saharan Africa and the US and Europe is the high prevalence of STDs -- including IUDs -- in Africa. Not all STDs may facilitate HIV transmission. A study at a London STD clinic suggests that gonorrhea does not appear to act as a cofactor of HIV transmission. The author concludes that these findings indicate that AIDS control activities in Africa require corresponding STD control programs.
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PMID:Inter-relationships between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. 222 31

In accordance with National Venereal Prevention and Research Center's uniform requirement, 4 main STDs were intensively monitored in 48 hospitals of Guangzhou from Jan. 1986 to June 1989. They were, gonorrhoea, syphilis, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), and condyloma acuminatum. The total number of cases was 14,513, in which female cases were 5,905, with a male: female ratio of 1.5:1. However, the incidence of women grew faster then that of men. The rate of mixed STDs infection was two times higher in women then in men. Gonorrhoea is the most common STD co-existing with NGU, condyloma acuminatum or even syphilis. Combination use of antibiotics recommended.
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PMID:[Clinical analysis of 5905 female patients with sexually transmitted diseases in Guangzhou]. 228 49


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