Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
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Recent studies indicate that tonsillar gonococcal infection or colonization is fairly common. Carriage rates of about 8% have been found. These studies also indicate that oro-genital contacts are common. Since very little is known about the amount of oral microbiota transmitted to the genitals, we have studied the occurrence of oral streptococci and Neisseria species in urethra and cervix. Among 128 patients attending an STD-clinic we found 10 carriers of oral streptococci, one Streptococcus mitior, four Streptococcus sanguis, one Streptococcus mutans and four Streptococcus salivarius and case of urethritis due to Neisseria menigitidis. Seventy-three of the patients had recently had their genitals exposed to the oral flora of their partners. Despite the heavy contamination with oral microbiota that can be assumed to occur in these cases, there seems to be no colonization of the genitals with oral microbiota.
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PMID:Genital occurrence of oral microbiota. 8 32

The emotional repercussion of STD remains very important. New present clinical aspects and new possibilities of diagnosis are pointed out. Concerning syphilis, the incubation period may be very long, cutaneo-mucous lesions of the secondary period very atypical . Concerning gonorrhea, the incubation period may be long (20 days); female or male asymptomatic forms are frequent: the existence of non-genital localizations is to be known. As to non-gonococcal infections, the frequence of Chlamydiae Tr. etiology is emphasized. Therefore an absolute priority must be given to the laboratory results which make the prescription of epidemiological treatment possible.
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PMID:[Present aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (author's transl)]. 58 Dec 91

A survey was conducted in Swaziland between July 6 and September 28, 1973 to obtain information about sexually transmitted diseases. The survey sample was limited to the outpatient department of the government hospital at Mbabane. Patients included were those who reported at the outpatient department with an STD during the 3 month period of the survey and those of their contacts who could be pursuaded to attend and were found to be infected. Of 240 patients seen during the course of the survey, 124 were suffering from presumed gonorrhea, 67 had genital sores, and 23 reported with both. A further 26 had positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) reactions and were assumed to have syphilis with or without some other STD. Of the 26 patients whose VDRL test was positive, 3 had lesions usually associated with primary syphlis and 3 had condylomate lata. The rest were cases of presumed latent syphilis presenting with another infection. With 1 exception cases of urethral discharge in men appeared to be due to gonorrhea. No cases of nonspecific urethritis were seen and the explanation of this is obscure. About 29% of the women and 4% of the men were infested with T. vaginalis. It was not possible to determine the prevalence of venereal diseases, but the evidence collected supported the local impression that these conditions were increasing. The need for a vigorous program of contact tracing is clear from the small proportion of female patients attending the clinic. Only 24% of those with a sexually transmitted disease and only 20% of those with a positive VDRL test were females, whereas in a survey undertaken by staff of the local public health unit in 1967, 54% of those with a positive Wassermann reaction were female. The large number of casual partners admitted by men in the 4 weeks before infection implies that this is a major source of infection. Recommendatons made for improving the situation include: offering education in the schools; developing a universal system for tracing contact for the whole country; and making a vigorous attempt to screen all pregnant women by means of the VDRL test.
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PMID:Some aspects of sexually transmitted disease in Swaziland. 103 69

This article summarizes surveillance data of STDs at 16 urban monitoring centers in 1987-1990. During the four year period, 125,493 STD cases were reported. The average annual incidence was 77.80/100,000. Because the rate of increase in females (65.85% per year) was greater than that in males (36.81% per year), the male-to-female ratio fell from 2.39:1 (1987) to 1.34:1 (1990). The number of STD cases reported from all centers tended to increase, and the overall rate of increase was 46.61% per year. The major disease was gonorrhea, with a constituent ratio of 59.22% (1990). However, condyloma acuminatum and nongonococcal urethritis had greater rates of increase (105.03% and 85.14% per year, respectively). The 20-39 year age group accounted for 82.10% of total cases, for STD patients were mostly in the sexually active population. The STD incidence among self-employed businessmen (1206.06/100,000, in 1990) was highest among professional populations. According to analysis of different regions, STD incidence was highest in the southern cities (203.00/100,000, 1990). The greatest rate of increase of STDs was in Yangtze River Valley cities, where the average annual rate of increase was 71.41%.
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PMID:STD epidemiologic analysis at national surveillance spots in the period 1987-1990. 142 61

The auxotype (A) and serovar (S) distribution and antibiotic and serum sensitivity of 22 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from blood and joints were determined. With one exception, these strains from disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI) belonged to one of 4 serovars of the IA serogroup and were resistant to killing by normal human serum. The auxotype distribution of these Australian strains differed significantly from that reported elsewhere in that 17 of the 22 isolates were proline requires, but none were of the AHU auxotype. This lack of the AHU auxotype in the DGI strains in Australia was explained by the virtual absence of AHU requirers in a sample of 1560 mucosal strains isolated in Sydney and Darwin from 1987 to 1990. The A/S distribution of these mucosal isolates also helped to account for the low (0.12) percentage of DGI strains in isolates examined by the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) from 1981 to 1991, and the differences in the rates of DGI in Sydney (0.08%) and Darwin (0.87%). There was a relative lack of the IA serogroup strains which are mostly responsible for DGI in the mucosal isolates from Sydney (15% of all strains) but a higher proportion of these serovars (40%) in the Darwin sample. There were 46 cases of DGI in data from the AGSP, 29 of these being women. Seven of the cases diagnosed in Australia were infected with penicillinase-producing gonococci suggesting that antibiotics other than the penicillins should now be used for this condition in this region.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Strain characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing disseminated gonococcal infection in Australia. Members of the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme. 150 59

The physician of an orphanage in Afgoye, 30 km from Mogadishu, Somalia, noticed vaginal discharge in 95 of the 500 girls at the orphanage in September 1987. A Somali-Italian investigative team took vaginal specimens from the 95 girls. Laboratory personnel isolated Neisseria gonorrhoea in 56% of the 95 6-14 year old females (53) who all lived in 2 adjacent dormitories. They found that all the bacterial isolates were of the N. gonorrhoea WI serogroup and Aedih serovar. The physician prescribed penicillin treatment for all the girls. Contact tracing revealed that a male guardian was the source of gonorrhea. Some children had already accused him of sexually abusing them. Orphanage officials had transferred him 1 week before the arrival of the investigative team. His room had been very near to the 2 dormitories for only a few weeks before the investigative team arrived. In this short time, his sexual abuse effected this cluster of infections. This supports the present theory of gonorrhea epidemiology that a core group of infectious people are most likely responsible for most, if not all, of the continuing endemicity of gonorrhea. The infection rate was in range of the estimated probability of transmission (50-70%) during sexual intercourse from an infectious male to a female. The results showed that high resolution typing of gonococci has in addition to its scientific value a more practical value; forensic medicine and illustration that gonorrhea consists of smaller microepidemics.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:An epidemic of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Somali orphanage. 154 69

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis-B-virus (HBV)-markers in STD patients and the significance of promiscuous heterosexual activity as a risk factor for the transmission of HBV, a serological screening was performed in 499 patients, in addition to the routine STD diagnostic programme. Two groups of patients were evaluated: group 1 (120 patients) was drawn from the STD clinic of the Public Health Office (PHO), group 2 (379 patients) from a private STD outpatient clinic. Promiscuous activity was reported significantly more often by persons of group 1 than by those attending the private clinic (59.3% vs. 5.1%). The infection rate of gonorrhea, syphilis and Chlamydia trachomatis was high in patients of the PHO (46.7%, 35.3%, 27.5%) whereas most of the STDs were seldom ascertained in patients of the private clinic (1.1%, 0%, 5.6%). Similar to other STDs, the prevalence of HBV markers differed significantly between patients of the PHO and those of the private clinic (33.3% vs. 6.3%; p = .0000). Comparison of HBV and other STDs showed the highest coincidence of HBV markers in patients with serological evidence of syphilis (44.2%), and in one third of patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae as well as HIV infection. The data obtained in the present study demonstrate that also in Austria, in addition to homosexual preference and drug abuse, promiscuous heterosexual activity must be considered a substantial risk factor for the transmission of HBV.
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PMID:Coincidence of hepatitis B-virus markers and other sexually transmitted diseases in different STD-risk groups. 161 Dec 11

This study compared leukocyte esterase dipsticks (LED) and endocervical Gram stains (EGS) as surrogates for culture diagnosis of gonococcal and chlamydial cervicitis in 495 STD clinic patients. Overall, gonorrhea prevalence was 15.7%; chlamydia prevalence (in the subgroup that was tested) was 17.8%. In diagnosing gonorrhea, LED and EGS performed similarly, with sensitivities of 68% and 76%, respectively, and identical specificities of 44%. In diagnosing gonococcal or chlamydial cervicitis, LED and EGS sensitivities fell to 48% and 47%, respectively, whereas specificities increased to 55% and 75%. These data suggest that, although both tests are imperfect surrogates for gonococcal and chlamydial culture, LED sacrifices little in sensitivity compared with EGS. Because LED does not require ancillary supplies, equipment, electricity, or trained personnel, its use may be feasible when Gram-stain diagnosis is impossible. Modifications of LED technology and specimen preparation should be sought to improve LED performance.
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PMID:Surrogate methods to diagnose gonococcal and chlamydial cervicitis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick, endocervical gram stain, and culture. 172 12

Recent changes in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases include recognition of penicillin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, identification of Chlamydia trachomatis as the leading cause of bacterial genital infection in the United States, and the realization that the urethritis syndrome is often associated with multiple pathogens. There is currently no monotherapy that eradicates all STD pathogens. The role of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of STDs is still evolving. The investigational agent, temafloxacin, has good activity against gonococci, nongonococcal organisms, and, unlike other quinolones, against Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobes. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and temafloxacin single-dose therapy have demonstrated clinical efficacy for gonococcal infections in non-comparative and comparative trials, including bacterial eradication of isolates resistant to other agents.
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PMID:Recent developments in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. 176 2

Eighty-nine women prostitutes who underwent clinical and microbiologic examination were found to have gonococcal infection. The median age was 22; 92.1% were from urban areas. Nearly all the women prostitutes refrained from barrier methods (92.1%) and had contact with several partners (91.0%). The most frequent clinical findings were leukorrhea (50.6%), cervicitis (20.2%), and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (18.0%). Eighty-one women prostitutes (93.1%) had experienced a previous STD, with Chlamydia trachomatis (34.8%), Trichomonas vaginalis (30.3%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (29.2%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum (23.6%) as the most frequent microorganisms isolated. Microorganisms associated with N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, mainly T. vaginalis (40.4%), C. trachomatis (31.5%), and Mycoplasma hominis (21.3%). For N. gonorrhoeae, the most frequent auxotypes were prototrophic (67.4%) and Proline (Pro)-dependent (14.6%); 2.2% of the strains were non-auxotypable. Beta-lactamase production was detected in three strains (3.4%) belonging to the auxotype/serovar: Lys/IA, Prototrophic/IB, and Pro/IB. The two former produced the 3.2-MDa "African" plasmid; the latter produced two plasmids (the 4.5-MDa "Asian" and the 24.5-MDa transfer plasmid.
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PMID:Gonorrhea in women prostitutes: clinical data and auxotypes, serovars, plasmid contents of PPNG, and susceptibility profiles. 190 90


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