Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five obese (% body fat greater than or equal to 27%) and five relatively lean (% body fat less than 20%) men performed upright exercise on a cycle ergometer at intensities of 30, 50, and 70% of their maximal aerobic power [VO2max (ml X kg fat-free wt-1 X min-1)] in both a thermoneutral [dry bulb temperature (Tdb) = 22 degrees C, wet bulb temperature (Twb) = 14 degrees C] and a hot (Tdb = 38 degrees C, Twb = 20 degrees C) ambient environment. Cardiac output (Q) was measured by CO2 rebreathing and forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Esophageal temperature (Tes) was measured by a thermocouple placed in the esophagus at approximately heart level, and mean skin temperature (Tsk) was calculated from the average of thermocouple readings from six skin sites. When the exercise intensity was normalized for metabolic body mass by dividing by fat-free weight, Q was similar between lean and obese at all exercise intensities and in both ambient environments. No differences between the two groups were found in Tes and Tsk under all conditions. The obese had significantly lower FBF compared with the lean during the higher exercise intensities in the hot ambient environment. In both ambient environments, the slope of the FBF-Tes relationship was significantly less in the obese group. It was concluded that body composition may alter the balance between the two opposing sets of cutaneous vascular reflexes (baroreceptor-induced vasoconstriction and thermoregulatory vasodilation) that regulate the competition for blood flow between the skin and working muscle during exercise in the heat.
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PMID:Cardiac output and skin blood flow in lean and obese individuals during exercise in the heat. 688 86

Six subjects exercised (60% VO2 max) in a 35 degree C environment on the day prior to (C1) and 1 h after withdrawal (PW) of 10% of each subject's blood volume, and 2 wk later on the day prior to (C2) and 1 h after infusion (PI) of the stored blood. Esophageal and mean skin temperatures (Tes and Tsk), forearm blood flow (FBF), cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), and blood samples were taken at intervals. Blood withdrawal had no major effect on either Q or stroke volume (SV), as plasma volume was largely restored prior to exercise. Following blood infusion Q and SV during exercise were significantly increased 1.4 1.min-1 and 15 ml.beat-1 above C2 levels and HR was significantly reduced at any Tes. Blood withdrawal decreased the slope of the FBF:Tes relationship. The resulting decrease in cutaneous perfusion caused a significantly greater body heat storage during PW. In contrast during PI, the slope of the FBF:Tes relation was somewhat increased. We conclude that cardiac stroke volume and cutaneous blood flow vary in proportion to changes in absolute blood volume. The rise in body temperature during exercise was significantly greater in hypovolemia but was not significantly reduced following volume expansion.
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PMID:Effect of acute alterations of blood volume on circulatory performance in humans. 720 2

Changes in the central control of sweating were investigated in five sleep-deprived subjects (kept awake for 40 h) during their recovery sleep under warm ambient conditions [operative temperature (T(o)) was either 35 or 38 degrees C]. Oesophageal (T(oes)) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures, chest sweat rate (msw,ch), and concomitant electro-encephalographic data were recorded. Throughout the night at 35 or 38 degrees C T(o), msw,ch changes were measured at a constant local chest skin temperature (Tch) of 35.5 degrees C. The results showed that body temperatures (T(oes) and Tsk) of sleep-deprived subjects were influenced by thermal and hypnogogic conditions. The msw,ch levels correlated positively with T(oes) in the subjects studied during sleep stage 1-2 (light sleep: LS), sleep stage 3-4 (slow wave sleep: SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Contrary to what has been reported in normal sleep, firstly, the T(oes) threshold for sweating onset differed between REM sleep and both LS and SWS, and, secondly, the slopes of the msw,ch versus T(oes) relationships were unchanged between REM and non-REM (i.e. LS or SWS) sleep. The changes observed after sleep deprivation were hypothesized to be due to alterations in the functioning of the central nervous system controller.
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PMID:Local sweating responses during recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in humans. 819 39

The response of core temperature to exercise was investigated during recovery in order to avoid the antagonistic competition between exercise and thermal reflexes for the same effector systems which control skin blood flow. Five healthy, non-training males [mean (SD) age, 23.8 (2.04) years] were habituated to 29 degrees C at relative 50% humidity for more than 2 h and then exercised by treadmill running at about 75% maximum oxygen uptake for 18 min. They then remained at 29 degrees C for up to 65 min of recovery. Oesophageal (T(es)), rectal (Tre) and skin temperatures (Tsk) were recorded at 5-s intervals throughout. The abrupt fall of temperature gradient from the forearm to finger was used to identify the T(es) for skin vessel dilatation (Tdil) during exercise. Mean (SE) Tes rose from a resting value of 36.67 (0.15) degrees C to 38.22 (0.24) degrees C, mean Tre rose from 37.09 (0.25) degrees C to 38.23 (0.15) degrees C, and Tdil occurred at 37.39 (0.32) degrees C. Within 10 min of recovery mean T(es) fell to 37.31 (0.24) degrees C, where it remained a significant 0.64 degrees C above its pre-exercise (PrEx) level (P < or = 0.018) but insignificantly different from Tdil for the remaining 55 min of recovery. Meanwhile, Tre fell gradually throughout recovery to 37.64 (0.18) degrees C. The Tsk at all non-acral sites except the thigh had recovered to PrEx levels by 20-30 min post-exercise (PoEx).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Disturbance of thermal homeostasis during post-exercise hyperthermia. 819 47

The purpose of this study was to examine whether reflex effects of changes in whole body skin temperature (Tsk) on cutaneous vasculature are mediated through the vasoconstrictor or the active vasodilator arm of the sympathetic nervous system. In six subjects, reflex responses in forearm skin blood flow (SkBF) to changes in Tsk were monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. SkBF was monitored at a control site and at a 0.6-cm2 site where bretylium (BT) had been iontophoretically applied to abolish sympathetic vasoconstrictor control. Reflex control of SkBF at BT-treated sites is solely through active vasodilator activity. An index of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated from the blood flow signal and mean arterial pressure, measured noninvasively. Data are expressed relative to maximum CVC (CVCmax) achieved by local warming of measurement sites to 42 degrees C at the end of each study. Tsk was controlled with a water-perfused suit covering the entire body except for the head and arms. Esophageal temperature (Tes) was measured as an index of internal temperature. In part A (rest), raising Tsk at rest from 31.9 +/- 0.3 to 36.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C increased CVC at control sites from 3 +/- 0.2 to 5 +/- 0.6% of CVCmax. CVC did not change at BT-treated sites, suggesting that at rest, with a normal internal temperature, reflex effects of raising Tsk on SkBF are mediated through vasoconstrictor withdrawal. In part B (exercise), exercise at a low Tsk increased Tes to 37.49 +/- 0.1 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Reflex control of active cutaneous vasodilation by skin temperature in humans. 820 97

We have previously reported that, following continuous exercise, a prolonged elevated plateau of esophageal temperature (Tes) was directly related to the Tes at the time of cutaneous vasodilation (Thdil) during exercise. In order to investigate the hypothesis that the factors which result in an increase of the post-exercise Thdil and define the post-exercise Tes elevation are related to pre-exercise Tes, nine healthy, young [24.0 (1.9) years], non-training males rested at 29 degrees C, 50% humidity for > 1 h (control). They then completed three successive cycles of 15 min treadmill running at 70% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) followed by 30 min rest. Esophageal, rectal (Tre) and skin (Tsk) temperatures and forearm cutaneous blood flow were recorded at 5-s intervals throughout. Laser-Doppler flowmetry of forearm skin blood flow was used to identify the Thdil during exercise. Pre-exercise Tes was 36.74 (0.25) degrees C and post-exercise Tes fell to stable and significant (P < 0.05) elevations above pre-exercise values at 37.22 (0.27) degrees C, 37.37 (0.27) degrees C and 37.48 (0.26) degrees C following each successive work bout respectively. Correspondingly, Thdil during each work bout rose in proportion to, and was not different than, the post-exercise Tes in the following recovery [37.20(0.23) degrees C, 37.41 (0.24) degrees C and 37.58 (0.24) degrees C]. Although the increases were less with each successive exercise bout, the differences between each exercise bout, in terms of post-exercise Tes and Thdil values, were significant (P < 0.05). These results reinforce our previous observations of elevations in Thdil and post-exercise Tes after a single exercise bout and lead to the tentative conclusions that (1) pre-exercise Tes has a direct influence on Thdil and post-exercise Tes, and (2) the exercise-induced increase of Thdil persists into recovery, influencing post-exercise thermal recovery.
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PMID:Post-exercise thermal homeostasis as a function of changes in pre-exercise core temperature. 889 32

We tested the hypothesis that the prolonged elevated plateau of esophageal temperature (Tes) following moderate exercise is a function of some exercise-related factors and not the increase in heat content and Tes during exercise, by comparing the response to increase Tes during exercise (endogenous heating) and warm-water immersion (exogenous heating). Nine healthy, young [24.0 (1.9) years] subjects performed two separate experiments: (1) 15 min of treadmill exercise at 70% (VO2max) and 15 min rest in a climatic chamber at 29 degrees C, followed by 15 min of immersion in a 42 degrees C water bath and a further 60 min of recovery in the climatic chamber [exercise-water (EW)]; and (2) 15 min of immersion in a 42 degrees C water bath followed by 60 min of recovery in the climatic chamber [water-only (WO)]. Esophageal (Tes) and skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded at 5-s intervals throughout. The Tes at which the forearm to finger temperature gradient (Tfa-Tfi) abruptly decreases was used to identify the threshold for forearm cutaneous vessel dilation (Thdil) during exercise. Pre-exercise Tes values were 36.64 degrees C and 36.74 degrees C for EW and WO respectively. The EW post-exercise Tes value fell to a stable level of 37.12 degrees C and this value differed by 0.48 degree C (P < 0.05) from baseline, but was similar to Thdil (37.09 degrees C). Despite a 1.2 degrees C increase in Tes during the subsequent warm-water immersion, Tes returned to the post-exercise value (37.11 degrees C). The WO post-immersion Tes fell to a stable plateau of 36.9 degrees C, which was not statistically different from the pre-immersion Tes. The data for both warm-water treatments support the hypothesis that increases in Tes and heat content alone are not the primary mechanisms for the post-exercise elevation in Tes and Thdil. These data also support our previous observation that the exercise-induced elevation in Thdil persists into recovery.
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PMID:A comparison of human thermoregulatory response following dynamic exercise and warm-water immersion. 891 26

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are any effects of skin temperature changes on sweating response in the first few minutes of mild exercise. Six healthy males performed a bicycle exercise at 100 W (50 rpm) for 30 min under an ambient temperature of 23 degrees C (40% RH). Esophageal temperature (Tes), mean skin temperature (Tsk), local skin temperature at the lower left scapula (Tsl), local sweating rate (Msw) and cutaneous blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) were measured continuously. Although Tsl decreased markedly just after the onset of sweating, Tsk did not change. Msw did not increase constantly in the early stages of exercise, and there was a temporary interruption in the increase of Msw. This interruption in sweating was affected by the rate of change in Tsl rather than by the absolute value of Tsl, since there was a positive and significant correlation between the time of the interruption in the increase of Msw and the rate of decrease in Tsl (y = 6.47 x +0.04; r = 0.86, P < 0.05). The results suggest that sweating response in the early stages of exercise may be influenced by changes in local skin temperature due to evaporative cooling.
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PMID:The effect of change in skin temperature due to evaporative cooling on sweating response during exercise. 914 Feb 11

Effects of the menstrual cycle on heat loss and heat production (M) and core and skin temperature responses to cold were studied in six unacclimatized female nonsmokers (18-29 yr of age). Each woman, resting supine, was exposed to a cold transient (ambient temperature = mean radiant temperature = 20 to -5 degrees C at -0.32 degrees C/min, relative humidity = 50 +/- 2%, wind speed = 1 m/s) in the follicular (F) phase (days 2-6) and midluteal (L) phase (days 19-23) of her menstrual cycle. Clothed in each of two ensembles with different thermal resistances, women performed multiple experiments in the F and L phases. Thermal resistance was 0.2 and 0.4 m2 . K . W-1 for ensembles A and B, respectively. Esophageal temperature (Tes), mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), finger temperature (Tfing), and area-weighted heat flux were recorded continuously. Rate of heat debt (-S) and integrated mean body temperature (Tb,i) were calculated by partitional calorimetry throughout the cold ramp. Extensive peripheral vasoconstriction in the F phase during early periods of the ramp elevated Tes above thermoneutral levels. Shivering thermogenesis (DeltaM = M - Mbasal, W /m2) was highly correlated with declines in Tsk and Tfing (P <0.0001). There was a reduced slope in M as a function of Tb,i in the L phase with ensembles A (P < 0.02) and B (P < 0.01). Heat flux was higher and -S was less in the L phases with ensemble A (P < 0.05). An analytic model revealed that Tsk and Tes contribute as additive inputs and Tfing has a multiplicative effect on the total control of DeltaM during cold transients (R2 = 0.9). Endogenous hormonal levels at each menstrual cycle phase, core temperature and Tsk inputs, vascular responses, and variations in body heat balance must be considered in quantifying thermoregulatory responses in women during cold stress.
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PMID:Thermoregulatory responses to cold transients: effects of menstrual cycle in resting women. 968 32

The most appropriate airway device for use in EMS systems staffed by basic skilled EMTs with (EMT-Ds) or without (EMT-Bs) defibrillation capabilities is still a matter of debate. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the Esophageal Tracheal Combitube (ETC) when used by EMT-Ds in cardiorespiratory arrest patients of all etiologies. The EMTs had automatic external defibrillator (AED) training but no prior advanced airway technique skills. The prehospital intervention was reviewed using the EMTs cardiac arrest report, the AED tape recording of the event and the assessment of the receiving emergency physician. The patients' hospital records and autopsy report were reviewed in search of complications. Eight hundred and thirty-one adult cardiac arrest patients were studied. Placement was successful in 725 (95.4%) of the 760 patients where it was attempted and ventilation was successful in 695 (91.4%). Immediate complications encountered, but not necessarily related to the use of the ETC, were; subcutaneous emphysema (18), tension pneumothorax (5), blood in the oropharynx (15), and swelling of the pharynx (three). An autopsy was done in 133 patients; no esophageal lesions or significant injury to the airway structures were observed. Our results suggest that EMT-Ds can use the ETC for control of the airway and ventilation in cardiorespiratory arrest patients safely and effectively.
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PMID:Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. 1180 52


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