Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: EC:2.7.10.2 (focal adhesion kinase)
 44,029 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the US and northern Europe, the prevalence of pregnant syphilitic women is estimated at .1-.6%, while in South Africa it was 7.6% in 1982. In 1978, there 108 cases in the US which increased to 268 reported cases in 1985. The increase of congenital syphilis (CS) by 25% from 1985 to 1988 was attributed to the spread of crack cocaine in the US. The rate was 10.5 cases/100,000 live births in the US during this period, a 21% increase. In contrast, in the Netherlands there were 2.5 cases/100,000 live births during 1982-85. Clinical symptoms appear 3 weeks after birth, but some are present at birth such as hepatosplenomegaly, bloated abdomen, cutaneous lesions, and nasal discharge turning into purulent rhinitis. Anemia occurs in 90% of children with CS. Generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly with hepatomegaly, and syphilitic hepatitis may also occur. Syphilitic skeletal abnormalities include osteochondritis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, and osteitis. Meningovascular syphilis produces nervous system effects. CS complications include nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis. Ocular abnormalities are caused by treponemes found in the cornea, sclera, uvea, retina and the optic nerve. Chorioretinitis and iridocyclitis are common ocular lesions. The pathogen Treponema pallidum can be diagnosed by dark field microscopy, by immunofluorescence, or by histopathological examination of silver-stained preparations. Pregnancy women with syphilis are treated with penicillin although failures have been reported after single or 2 or 3 in administrations of 2.4 MU benzathine penicillin and after giving tetracycline in 3rd trimester pregnancy. The CDC recommendation for treating infants with CS is iv 50,000 U/kg penicillin G every 8-12 hours for 10-14 days or im 50,000 U procaine penicillin once daily for 10-14 days. Single administration of 50,000 U/kg benzathine penicillin is recommended for newborn children whose mothers have been treated with erythromycin.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Congenital syphilis. 161 61

Analytical predictions of primary implant power using presumptive errors in keratometer and axial length measurements were performed using the modified Binkhorst, modified Colenbrander, Holladay, Hoffer, and SRK II equations. These predictions demonstrate that the contributions to primary implant power error resulting from inaccurate axial length and keratometer measurements are algebraically additive. In eyes with a normal axial length, the resulting implant power determination error can be larger than differences in implant power prediction among these five IOL equations. Calculations using measurement errors of 0.2 mm in axial length and 0.50 diopter (D) in corneal curvature predicted a worst case primary implant power error of +/- 1.17 D. These calculations were performed using an axial length and corneal curvature near the population mean. In contrast, implant equation variability was determined to be +/- 0.19 D by calculating the standard deviation of the five implant power formulas with the measurement errors set to zero. Implant power prediction errors were increased when a flat cornea was paired with an axial hyperopic or an axial myopic eye. These combinations maximize the implant power error resulting from both implant formula variation and inaccurate measurements. Primary implant power error prediction tables are presented for emmetropic, axial hyperopic, and axial myopic eyes, as a function of presumed errors in axial length and corneal curvature. These error predictions clearly show that inaccuracy in axial length measurements and keratometer readings can be first order determinants of postoperative spherical refractive error.
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PMID:Effect of keratometer and axial length measurement errors on primary implant power calculations. 229 77

We give a precise theoretical formula used to calculate the power of implants. A spatial representation is shown. It exhibits Dc (power of the cornea) and l (axial length) values which induce a good fit between the power of artificial lens deduced from theoretical and statistical (S.R.K.) formulae. These values are situated on a look like parabolic curve (C) centered on a 26.13 mm or 27.2 mm l value according to anterior or posterior implants. We show the existence of area of (Dc, l) points giving a fit between theory and statistic within a given uncertainty delta DI. This fit is depicted on a chart (Dc, l, delta DI) on which the different curves which correspond to various delta DI, are deduced from the curve of equal power (C) by single translations. We indicate that an uncertainty near 1 dioptre on the power of the cornea induces a deviation near 0.21 dioptre on the powers of the anterior implant when calculated using the two methods. Moreover, we establish that the power SRK is always higher than the theoretical power for axial lengths situated in the 24 to 28.5 mm range.
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PMID:[Correlation intervals between the power values of artificial lenses deduced from theoretical formulae and regression formulae]. 279 52

The corneal epithelium, like other stratifying epithelium, does not present a well formed junctional complex as compared to that of simple epithelia. However, the resistance barrier of the corneal epithelium is to a great extent generated by zonula occludens (ZO, tight junction), which are formed between the cells of the apical-most strata. The tight junction provides a continuous seal around the apical aspect of adjoining epithelial cells, thereby preventing the free passage of molecules between adjacent epithelial cells (paracellular pathway). We have examined rabbit corneal epithelia with monoclonal antibody against the tight junction associated protein ZO1. With this antibody, we resolved two distinct patterns of ZO1 expression, one being the lateral boundary of the apical cell, which appeared as a true zonula around these cells. The second pattern of expression for ZO1 was at a set of punctate spots that correspond to the connection of the most apical portion of the basal corneal epithelial cells, with the above wing cells. En face, confocal analyses revealed that these areas consisted of 5-6 distinct spots per basal cell at or near the contact points with the immediate wing cells above. ImmunoEM revealed that the mid-epithelial accumulations of ZO1 were not tight junctions, but rather a form of adherens junction. The expression of ZO1 in the mid-epithelial level of the cornea is neither correlated with the presence of tight junction, nor with the established barrier functions. Interestingly, these junctions in the corneal epithelium also contain paxillin, a focal adhesion associated phosphoprotein which is a target of pp125 focal adhesion kinase, erbB-2 kinase and p21Obcr/abl oncogene. We postulated that the ZO1/paxillin adherens junction within stratified epithelium, such as the corneal epithelium, may function to reinforce attachments at the level of the basal cell to wing cell junction and be regulated by reversible phosphorylation. We speculate that the regulated phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on paxillin may perform a critical role in controlling epithelial cell-cell interactions as it does in cell-matrix adhesion.
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PMID:ZO1 in corneal epithelium: association to the zonula occludens and adherens junctions. 909 16

We reviewed the SRK-II method and introduce a new equation to calculate the intraocular lens (IOL) power for eyes which underwent laser phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). The Gullstrand series was used to determine the power and the radius of curvature of planoconvex IOLs which alter the focal point from the cornea to reach the conjugate point on the retina. The radius of anterior corneal curvature (R), axial length (AXL), predicted postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) were employed in the following formula to calculate the IOL refractive power: K = R/7.7, DC = 337. 5/R, VC = 1,000/DC*1.336 where VC is the posterior vertex focal length. A1 = -(VC-ACD), B1 = AXL-0.5* K-ACD-0. 103 LT, S = 1/A1 + 1/B1; this determined the diopter (D) of IOL in liquid to be (D) = 1,000/(1/S)* 1.336. In eyes which underwent PTK, the keratometric value prior to cataract surgery was not applied. Instead, R' defined as R-dT, where R is the radius of corneal curvature prior to PTK and dT the amount of corneal tissue removed, was introduced. Further, the corneal thickness before cataract surgery (CT') was defined as CT-dT where CT is the corneal thickness prior to PTK. Although it is important to select a lens that has an acurate predicted anterior chamber depth, the new equation appears to be more useful than the SRK-II formula.
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PMID:[Trial of new intraocular lens power calculation following phototherapeutic keratectomy]. 978 57

Angiogenesis involves proliferation of capillary endothelial cells and formation of lumen-containing tube-like structures. A recently established murine brain capillary endothelial cell line, IBE, can either proliferate or form tube-like structures (i.e., differentiate) in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), dependent on the culture conditions. The 4N1K peptide (KRFYVVMWKK), which is derived from the C-terminal cell-binding domain of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), inhibited tube formation, but not proliferation of IBE cells. Polyclonal antibodies against 4N1K blocked TSP-1-induced inhibition of tube formation by IBE cells. 4N1K inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and FGF-2-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma in tube-forming, but not proliferating, IBE cells. The peptide also inhibited FGF-2-induced neovascularization in mouse cornea. Our results indicate that TSP-1 may exert its inhibitory effects on angiogenesis via the C-terminal cell-binding domain containing the 4N1K sequence by inhibiting tube formation by endothelial cells.
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PMID:Role of thrombospondin-1-derived peptide, 4N1K, in FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. 1052 17

Both the laminin composition of the basement membrane and the keratin intermediate filament composition of the epithelial cell differs between cornea and conjunctiva, suggesting that at least some aspects of ocular surface epithelial cell differentiation may be regulated by extracellular matrix. The purpose of this study was to analyse the role of beta1 integrin in intracellular signaling pathways in human conjunctival epithelial cells adherent to laminin. In addition, the purpose was to compare the phosphorylation kinetics of signaling intermediates in cells adherent to different laminin isoforms. Cell adhesion assays, integrin clustering experiments, and integrin function blocking experiments demonstrated that beta1 but not beta4 integrin mediated human conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to placental laminin isoforms (laminin-10/11) and induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) tyrosine phosphorylation. Western blot analysis of cell lysates adherent to placental laminin showed that the tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas and FAK was maximally above constitutive levels after 60 min. In cells adherent to EHS laminin (laminin-1), the tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics of tensin, p130Cas, FAK and unknown proteins of 138 kDa and 110 kDa were similar, and peaked above constitutive levels after 30 min. Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 70 kDa protein was induced by cell adhesion to EHS laminin after 5 min, and phosphorylation peaked at 15 min. In contrast, the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 70 kDa protein was undetected in cells adherent to placental laminin. Erk-1 phosphorylation and activation was not differentially modulated by conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to laminins. However, phosphorylation and activation kinetics of Erk-2 in cells adherent to placental laminin was similar to that observed for FAK and p130Cas. Erk-2 phosphorylation and activation was essentially undetectable in cells adherent to EHS laminin. These observations suggest that human conjunctival epithelial cell adhesion to different laminin isoforms activates different intracellular signaling pathways, and provides support for the hypothesis that extracellular matrix molecules can modulate ocular surface epithelial cell differentiation via alternate signaling pathways.
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PMID:Evidence for differential signaling in human conjunctival epithelial cells adherent to laminin isoforms. 1086 2

Vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor (VSGP) was originally isolated from bovine ovarian follicular fluid as a stimulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Homology searches indicate that bovine and human VSGPs are orthologs of rat F-spondin. Here, we examined whether recombinant human VSGP/F-spondin affected the biological activities of endothelial cells. VSGP/F-spondin did not affect the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs); however, it did inhibit VEGF- or bFGF-stimulated HUVEC migration. To clarify the mechanism of this inhibitory effect, we examined the adhesion of HUVECs to extracellular matrix proteins. VSGP/F-spondin specifically inhibited the spreading of HUVECs on vitronectin via the functional blockade of integrin alphavbeta3. As a result, VSGP/F-spondin inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) when HUVECs were plated on vitronectin. Moreover, VSGP/F-spondin inhibited the activation of Akt when HUVECs on vitronectin were stimulated with VEGF. VSGP/F-spondin inhibited tube formation by HUVECs in vitro and neovascularization in the rat cornea in vivo. These results indicate that VSGP/F-spondin inhibits angiogenesis at least in part by the blockade of endothelial integrin alphavbeta3.
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PMID:Vascular smooth muscle cell growth-promoting factor/F-spondin inhibits angiogenesis via the blockade of integrin alphavbeta3 on vascular endothelial cells. 1147 66

A retrospective review of cases of pterygium excision using the bare sclera method followed by application of 2500-3500 rads of Sr 90 beta-radiation carried out between 1994 and the year 2000 at Ojulowo Eye clinic Ibadan and St Mary's Catholic Specialist Eye Hospital Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. Follow up period was between six months and six years. A total of 124 eyes from 95 patients were operated. 58 (61.1%) were males and 37 (38.9%) were females. The youngest patient was 10 years old while the oldest was 89 years mean 46.1 +/- 2 STD of 13.5. Most pterygia were unilateral and nasal in location. Improvement in visual acuity of between 2-6 lines on snellen chart occurred in 6 (4.8%) of operated eyes. Recurrence necessitating repeat surgery and additional radiation occurred in 8 eyes (6.9%). The complications of surgery and beta radiation consisted of conjunctiva inflammation 10 (8.6%), cornea opacities 4 (3.2%), gritty sensation 3 (2.6), cataract 1 (0.8%). No case of sclera necroses was observed. Post-operative beta-radiation is safe and effective in preventing recurrence of pterygium.
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PMID:Evaluation of the effectiveness of post-operative beta-irradiation in the management of pterygium. 1251 22

As the number and types of keratorefractive procedures increase and as the baby boomer population moves into the "cataractous decades," the number of patients requiring cataract surgery following refractive surgery grows larger each year. While technological advances in surgical instrumentation and intraocular lens (IOL) design allow us to perform cleaner, faster, and more reliable cataract extractions, the ultimate postoperative refraction depends primarily on calculations performed before surgery. Third-generation IOL formulas ( Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 2, or SRK/T) provide outstanding accuracy when used for eyes with physiologic, prolate corneas. In addition, most instruments used today for measuring corneal curvature and power were designed before the era of refractive surgery. These formulas and instruments make assumptions about the anatomy and refractive properties of the cornea that are no longer valid following most keratorefractive procedures. These breakdowns in IOL calculation often result in a "refractive surprise" after cataract surgery, which may require subsequent surgical correction. This article examines recent publications of modeling studies of various methods for estimating effective K values for IOL calculation, cataract surgery case series following refractive surgery, new corneal topography technologies and methods for correcting "refractive surprises" postoperatively.
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PMID:Cataract surgery in patients with prior refractive surgery. 1254 10


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